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ID PHARM 152 > Infection Disease > Flashcards

Infection Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Immune System?

A

protects the body from pathogens

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2
Q

What are some traits of the Immune System

A

can be specific
has memory
is mobile and fast acting
is flexible

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3
Q

What are some examples of non-specific lines of defense?

A

Physical barriers (such as the skin)

Chemical barriers (such as stomach acid)

Mucus and cilia protect our respiratory tract

Urine flushes out bacteria from our urinary tract

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4
Q

Is the initial response specific or non specific?

A

Non specific

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5
Q

Which type of immune system is non specific defenses?

A

Innate Immune System

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6
Q

Name cells that are part of innate immune system

A

mast cells
basophils
macrophages
neutrophils
eosinophils
chemokines
phagocytize

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7
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Cells in the innate immune system
acts as traffic controllers for WBCs

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8
Q

what is the role of macrophages

A

antigen presenting cells and surveillance

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9
Q

what is the role of neutrophils

A

defense against bacteria and fungus

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10
Q

what is the role of eosinophils

A

defense against parasites and respond to allergies

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11
Q

what is the role of basophils

A

respond to allergies

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12
Q

What are the major cells in the adaptive immune system

A

T and B lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are 2 parts of adaptive immune system?

A

humoral mediated and cellular mediated

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14
Q

where does the humoral mediated happen

A

within the serum

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15
Q

where does the cellular mediated happen

A

within the cells

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16
Q

How many antigens can lymphocytes recongize

A

10^15 different antigens

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17
Q

What are t lympocytes

A

activated cells by an antigen presenting cell

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18
Q

What does activated T cells secrete and what does that cause?

A

IL-2 –> this stimulate production of more activated T cells

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19
Q

Types of T cells

A

Helper cells (CD4+)
Cytotoxic Cells (CD8+)
Regulating Cells

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20
Q

What are helper cells?

A

CD4+
they secrete IL and interferon
stimulate CD8+ cells
stimulates production of antibodies

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21
Q

What are cytotoxic cells?

A

CB8+
Kills cells recognized as foreign

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22
Q

What do regulating T cells do?

A

They regulates the response of the T cells

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23
Q

What is the purpose of B lymphocytes?

A

are activated after they recognize antigens

24
Q

What are the two subtypes of B cells?

A

Plasma and memory

25
Q

What does the plasma cell do?

A

Secrete antibodies

26
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A

Important in future attacks (keeps a memory of them)

27
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

They bind to antigens
may trap the antigens or clump them together
increase the attack of immune cells

28
Q

Define Cytokines

A

soluble factors secreted by cells
can activate cells, call for back up etc.

29
Q

Define inflammatory mediators

A

any soluble factor that causes inflammation
usually secreted by various cells

30
Q

Define infection

A

get a response of host immune systems and person gets ill

31
Q

Define sub clinical infection

A

specific response in body is evoked by person not ill

32
Q

Define colonization

A

presence of organism at a body site without production of disease

33
Q

Normal Microbiota –> skin

A

Diphtheroids
Propionibacteria
Staphylococci
Streptococci

34
Q

Normal Microbiota –> GI tract

A

Bacteroides sp.
Clostridium sp.
Diphtheroids
Enterobacteriaceae
Fusobacterium sp.
Streptococci

35
Q

Normal Microbiota –> Upper Resp Tract

A

Bacteroides sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Neisseria sp.
Streptococci

36
Q

Normal Microbiota –> Genital Tract

A

Corynebacterium sp.
Enterobacteriaceae sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Mycoplasma sp.
Staphylococci
Streptococci

37
Q

Other thing to help for infection (non pharm)

A

drainage of abscess
removal of dead tissue
removal of foreign bodies
decrease in immune suppression

38
Q

Factors which affect host defenses

A

Malnutrition
Extremes of age
Immune globulin deficiencies
Deficiencies in cellular immunity
Alcoholism
Diabetes
Immunosuppressive therapy
Invasive procedures

39
Q

Clinical no specific symptoms of infection

A

Malaise
Listlessness
Loss of appetite
Headache
Myalgias
Arthralgias

40
Q

What are clinical manifestions of infection?

A

non specific symptoms
fever
WBC
septic shock

41
Q

Clinical manifestations of infectious disease

A

increased heart rate
anxiety
confusion

42
Q

Define septic shock

A

low BP
low CO
Low renal function
low oxygenation
hepatic dysfunction

43
Q

Info for diagnosis of infection

A

history
physical examination
laboratory

44
Q

Explain the factors needed for medical history

A

signs and symptoms
source of infection

45
Q

Different microbiology that is done in a lab

A

gram stain
culture
sensitivity testing

46
Q

What is the goal of laboratory microbiology

A

to determine invading pathogens so that the proper antibiotic can be used

47
Q

Explain why gram stains are done

A

quick and easy way to gain an idea of the organisms

48
Q

Why do we culture the organism?

A

best method for revealing organism
organism is grown and the biochemical profile is determined

49
Q

What is the purpose of sensitivity testing

A

to determine which antibiotics the organism is susceptible to
based on minimal inhibitory conc. (MIC)

50
Q

What is the purpose of immunologic testing?

A

Also called serology
useful when the organism cannot be cultured or treatment has already begun

51
Q

What is the purpose of antibody testing?

A

detects presence of antibodies directed against the pathogen

52
Q

What is the purpose of antigen detection?

A

detects presence of an antigen in the serum, urine, CSF etc.

53
Q

What is the purpose of PCR?

A

detects very low amounts of specific DNA in clinical specimens

54
Q

List some of the reasons antibiotics are used

A

prophylaxis
empiric therapy
specific therapy

55
Q

What questions should be asked when deciding whether to use an antibiotics?

A

Is an antibiotic indicated?
Have appropriate lab specimens been obtained?
What organisms are most likely?
Which drug is best?
Is combination therapy appropriate?
What are the important host factors?
Best route of adminstration?
What is the right dose and duration?

56
Q

When presened with antibiotic RX what should be considered?

A

Determine what the drug is for. What is the usual microorganism in this type of infection?

Correct antibiotic? Is an antibiotic needed?

Correct dose for the indication?

Correct duration for the indication?

Does the drug fit with patient factors

57
Q

List some causes of antibiotic failure

A

Noncompliance
Under dosing
Inaccessible site (abscess)
Prosthetic material
Resistance
Superinfection

ID PHARM 152 (11 decks)

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