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ID PHARM 152 > Infection Disease > Flashcards

Infection Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Immune System?

A

protects the body from pathogens

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2
Q

What are some traits of the Immune System

A

can be specific
has memory
is mobile and fast acting
is flexible

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3
Q

What are some examples of non-specific lines of defense?

A

Physical barriers (such as the skin)

Chemical barriers (such as stomach acid)

Mucus and cilia protect our respiratory tract

Urine flushes out bacteria from our urinary tract

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4
Q

Is the initial response specific or non specific?

A

Non specific

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5
Q

Which type of immune system is non specific defenses?

A

Innate Immune System

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6
Q

Name cells that are part of innate immune system

A

mast cells
basophils
macrophages
neutrophils
eosinophils
chemokines
phagocytize

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7
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Cells in the innate immune system
acts as traffic controllers for WBCs

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8
Q

what is the role of macrophages

A

antigen presenting cells and surveillance

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9
Q

what is the role of neutrophils

A

defense against bacteria and fungus

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10
Q

what is the role of eosinophils

A

defense against parasites and respond to allergies

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11
Q

what is the role of basophils

A

respond to allergies

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12
Q

What are the major cells in the adaptive immune system

A

T and B lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are 2 parts of adaptive immune system?

A

humoral mediated and cellular mediated

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14
Q

where does the humoral mediated happen

A

within the serum

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15
Q

where does the cellular mediated happen

A

within the cells

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16
Q

How many antigens can lymphocytes recongize

A

10^15 different antigens

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17
Q

What are t lympocytes

A

activated cells by an antigen presenting cell

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18
Q

What does activated T cells secrete and what does that cause?

A

IL-2 –> this stimulate production of more activated T cells

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19
Q

Types of T cells

A

Helper cells (CD4+)
Cytotoxic Cells (CD8+)
Regulating Cells

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20
Q

What are helper cells?

A

CD4+
they secrete IL and interferon
stimulate CD8+ cells
stimulates production of antibodies

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21
Q

What are cytotoxic cells?

A

CB8+
Kills cells recognized as foreign

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22
Q

What do regulating T cells do?

A

They regulates the response of the T cells

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23
Q

What is the purpose of B lymphocytes?

A

are activated after they recognize antigens

24
Q

What are the two subtypes of B cells?

A

Plasma and memory

25
What does the plasma cell do?
Secrete antibodies
26
What do memory B cells do?
Important in future attacks (keeps a memory of them)
27
How do antibodies work?
They bind to antigens may trap the antigens or clump them together increase the attack of immune cells
28
Define Cytokines
soluble factors secreted by cells can activate cells, call for back up etc.
29
Define inflammatory mediators
any soluble factor that causes inflammation usually secreted by various cells
30
Define infection
get a response of host immune systems and person gets ill
31
Define sub clinical infection
specific response in body is evoked by person not ill
32
Define colonization
presence of organism at a body site without production of disease
33
Normal Microbiota --> skin
Diphtheroids Propionibacteria Staphylococci Streptococci
34
Normal Microbiota --> GI tract
Bacteroides sp. Clostridium sp. Diphtheroids Enterobacteriaceae Fusobacterium sp. Streptococci
35
Normal Microbiota --> Upper Resp Tract
Bacteroides sp. Haemophilus sp. Neisseria sp. Streptococci
36
Normal Microbiota --> Genital Tract
Corynebacterium sp. Enterobacteriaceae sp. Lactobacillus sp. Mycoplasma sp. Staphylococci Streptococci
37
Other thing to help for infection (non pharm)
drainage of abscess removal of dead tissue removal of foreign bodies decrease in immune suppression
38
Factors which affect host defenses
Malnutrition Extremes of age Immune globulin deficiencies Deficiencies in cellular immunity Alcoholism Diabetes Immunosuppressive therapy Invasive procedures
39
Clinical no specific symptoms of infection
Malaise Listlessness Loss of appetite Headache Myalgias Arthralgias
40
What are clinical manifestions of infection?
non specific symptoms fever WBC septic shock
41
Clinical manifestations of infectious disease
increased heart rate anxiety confusion
42
Define septic shock
low BP low CO Low renal function low oxygenation hepatic dysfunction
43
Info for diagnosis of infection
history physical examination laboratory
44
Explain the factors needed for medical history
signs and symptoms source of infection
45
Different microbiology that is done in a lab
gram stain culture sensitivity testing
46
What is the goal of laboratory microbiology
to determine invading pathogens so that the proper antibiotic can be used
47
Explain why gram stains are done
quick and easy way to gain an idea of the organisms
48
Why do we culture the organism?
best method for revealing organism organism is grown and the biochemical profile is determined
49
What is the purpose of sensitivity testing
to determine which antibiotics the organism is susceptible to based on minimal inhibitory conc. (MIC)
50
What is the purpose of immunologic testing?
Also called serology useful when the organism cannot be cultured or treatment has already begun
51
What is the purpose of antibody testing?
detects presence of antibodies directed against the pathogen
52
What is the purpose of antigen detection?
detects presence of an antigen in the serum, urine, CSF etc.
53
What is the purpose of PCR?
detects very low amounts of specific DNA in clinical specimens
54
List some of the reasons antibiotics are used
prophylaxis empiric therapy specific therapy
55
What questions should be asked when deciding whether to use an antibiotics?
Is an antibiotic indicated? Have appropriate lab specimens been obtained? What organisms are most likely? Which drug is best? Is combination therapy appropriate? What are the important host factors? Best route of adminstration? What is the right dose and duration?
56
When presened with antibiotic RX what should be considered?
Determine what the drug is for. What is the usual microorganism in this type of infection? Correct antibiotic? Is an antibiotic needed? Correct dose for the indication? Correct duration for the indication? Does the drug fit with patient factors
57
List some causes of antibiotic failure
Noncompliance Under dosing Inaccessible site (abscess) Prosthetic material Resistance Superinfection

ID PHARM 152 (11 decks)

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