Infection Control & Emergency Care Flashcards
observed by someone other than the patient
objective symptoms
evidence of a disease as reported by the patient
subjective symptom
study of disease
pathology
study of symptoms (cause of disease)
etiology
prediction of course of the disease
prognosis
describes immediate symptoms such as high fever and pain or distress
acute
describes a condition present over a long time, often without endpoint (fatigue, anemia)
chronic
temporary of permanent cessation of a sever condition (some cancers, sinusitis)
remission
occurring continuously in the same population or locality
endemic
refers to causes outside the body, such as illnesses arising from trauma, radiation, hypothermia
exogenous
refers to causes arising from within the body, such as infections tumors, and congenital or metabolic abnormalities
endogenous
refers to conditions inherited from parents, such as cystic fibrosis
congenital
refers to conditions resulting from natural aging of the body, such as arthritis
degenerative
refers to disease or infection occurring when body resistance is lowered, such as with fungal, bacterial, and viral infections
opportunistic
refers to diseases passed on from patient to patient in a health-care setting, such as staphylococcal bacterial infections, (hospital-acquired infections
nosocomial
disease producing microorganisms
pathogens
bacteria that can live in the presence of oxygen but do not require it
facultative aerobes
bacteria that cannot survive without oxygen, e.g. diphtheria
obligate aerobes
bacteria that grow best without oxygen but can survive in its presence
facultative anaerobes
bacteria that cannot live in the presence of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
thick-walled reproductive cell
spore
tiny parasitic organisms that require living matter to reproduce and grow
virus
microbes smaller than bacteria but longer than viruses, transmitted by vectors such as mice, ticks, live
rickettsia
type of fungi such as molds
filamentous fungi
type of fungi that is single-cellular such as yeast
unicellular fungi
must live upon another organism called the host, small “animal” parasites or organisms (e.g. malaria, dysentery)
protozoa
organisms living on decaying or dead organic matter
saphrophytes
small parasitic worms such as threadworms and roundworms
nematodes
microbes that live together on a host without harming it
commensal
disease producing microbes that are present in human blood
blood-borne pathogens
airborne infection in which pathogens discharged from the mouth or nose by coughing or sneezing are carried through the air and settle on objects
droplet infection
infection resulting from improper handling of materials, contamination of articles (fomes), poor sterilization
indirect infection
infection that is passed directly through intimated relationship, contact with blood, mucous membranes, saliva
contact infection
piercing of the skin or mucous membrane, “needle stick”
parenteral
exchange of disease by direct or indirect contact with an infected human or animal
carried infection
an infection that is transmitted by an organism such as a fly or mosquito
vector-borne infection
must be present for a disease to occur and prosper, scientific tool, elimination of one of the factors will stop the disease
chain of infection
inherited and permanent
natural immunity
obtained when a person is infected by a disease, produces antibodies, and then recovers from that disease
natural acquired immunity
obtained from inoculation or vaccination against a disease
artificial acquired immunity
results from receiving antibodies from another source, such as breast milk, or from injections of gamma globulin, antitoxins, or immune serums
passive acquired immunity
passes from mother to fetus, congenitally or through antibodies
passive natural immunity
having a weakened immune system, from drugs, irradiation, AIDS or malnutrition
immunocompromised
injection of microorganisms, serums, or toxins into the body
innoculation
injection with weakened or dead microbes
vaccination
substance that induces the body to form antibodies
antigen
protein substance produced by the body in response to an antigen
antibody
solution of killed or weakened infectious agents injected in to produce immunity
vaccine
vaccine produced from a culture of bacteria taken from the patient who will receive the vaccine
autogenous vaccine
diluted or reduced virulence of pathogenic microbes
attenuated
free from germs
asepsis
application of chemicals to kill, reduce, or eliminate germs
disinfection
the process of destroying all microorganisms to achieve asepsis
sterilization
application of methods to promote a favorable germ-free state
sanitization
assuming all patients are infectious and applying every method of combating disease and infection
universal precautions
instruments used to penetrate soft tissue or bone
critical sterilization
methods such as steam under pressure, dry heat, chemical vapor
critical sterilization
instruments that do not penetrate soft tissue or bone but contact non-intact skin or mucous membrane
semicritical sterilization
method such as high level disinfection
semicritical sterilization
instruments that come into contact with intact skin, such as x-ray heads, blood pressure cuffs
noncritical sterilization
methods such as EPA-registered “hospital disinfectant” - phenols, iodophors, chlorine, ammonium
noncritical sterilization
apparatus for sterilization by steam pressure. Temperature 121C, pressure 15psi and 30min, liquids need special treatment
autoclave
smaller ____ but higher temperature (132C) and lessen exposure time (3-5min)
flash autoclave
oven apparatus used for a hot air bake at high temperature (170C) for 2hrs, not applicable for paper objects and plastics
dry heat sterilization
devices holding superheated metal (234C) or small glass beads, used in endodontics, not recommended by CDC
molten metal heat/glass bead heat
use of chemicals and heat of 132C for 20min, noncorrosive method used on metals, proper ventilation and instruction is required
chemical vapor sterilization
sterilizing unit used at room temperature and requires prolonged exposure and devaporization time (10hrs), not a popular method in dental office due to cost and toxicity, useful on plastics
ethylene oxide
gas plasma sterilization using ionized hydrogen peroxide that releases vaporized gas molecules, killing microorganisms and endosperms in less than 1hr, compatible with most materials except plastics, liquids, and powders
vaporized hydrogen peroxide (vhp)
liquids containing chemicals disinfectants or sterilizers that kill microbes and spores, require 6-10 hours
chemical agents
placed in or on wrapped items during sterilization cycle to indicate effectiveness of sterilizing process
indicator stripes/commercial spore spells
contain instrument setups that travel from operatory use to the ultrasonic cleaning, rinsing, and wrapping for sterilizing and storage until the next use, marked for dating
cassette trays
application of chemicals to kill, reduce or eliminate germs through soaking, spraying, foams, sponges, or wipes
disinfection
chemical or agent that kills many microbes
disinfectant
usually a diluted disinfectant that prevents the growth or inhibits the development of microbes
antiseptic
inhibiting or retarding bacterial growth
bacteriostatic
substance that destroys some germs
germicide
disinfectant solution with biodegradable ingredient that is used to soak instruments until they are cleaned and sterilized
holding solution
mechanical apparatus with reservoir to contain a solution that cavitates or bubbles of debris
ultrasonic cleaner
gloves, eyeglasses, clinical attire, masks, face shields; help protect wearer and area from microbes
personal protective equipment
drapes, covers, plastic instrument sleeves, x-ray covers; prevent contamination
barrier techniques
for sanitation of operators and patients
standard operating procedures
treating each case as if the patient has a serious disease, handling and sterilizing with each new use to prevent contamination, maintaining a sterile field
standard precautions
disposing of all contaminated items in a marked biohazard bag, laundry and other materials should be considered contaminated by splatters or aerosol
proper disposal techniques
container for disposal of needles, glass and other items
sharps disposal unit
labeled container for items contaminated with body fluids or life threatening contaminates
biohazard container
receptacle for used, unsanitary items
hazardous waste container
covers chemical content, labeling, storage, and safety advice; colored
MSDS papers
flash point and relative fire hazards
red (fire)
instability, unreliable if heated, chemical reactions
yellow (reactivity)
corrosive, acid, radiation
white (personal protection)
hazardous material, inhalation of irritants, toxic fumes
blue (health)
disposable cloths ___ with disinfecting solution to wipe contaminated surfaces and then second run to leave behind wet surface to be wiped dry
saturate-wipe-saturate disinfection cleaning
issues and enforces restrictions and guidelines for infection control, sets standards and regulates conditions for employers to provide safety to their employees at work
OSHA
sets regulations and issues suggestions for infection control, enforced by OSHA
CDC
regulates and approves materials, equipment, medical devices, chemicals used in dental practices
EPA
regulates and approves marketing products and solutions used in infection control
FDA
a national organization of health professionals that studies and makes suggestions for regulations and guidelines for infection control
OSAP
written and oral communication regarding patient’s present and past health status
patient health history
body indications of the patients present health status, blood pressure, pulse, respiration, temperature
vital signs
indication of the pulsating force of blood circulations
blood pressure
blood vessel at rest
diastolic
highest pressure of circulating blood
systolic
device employed to intensify body sounds, set of earpieces inserted into rubber tubing and extends to metal bell-shaped disc diaphragm
stethoscope
thin layer over disc end of stethoscope that helps enlarge or amplify pulse/body sounds
diaphragm
an instrument employed to measure arterial blood pressure, squeeze bulb on rubber tubing, arm cuff, aneroid dial
sphygmomanometer
interior depression or bend of elbow, placement of stethoscope diaphragm to determine blood-pressure sound
antecubital fossa
situated at the inside, upper arm area, selected site of blood-pressure cuff placement
brachial artery
irregular heartbeat or pulsations
arrhythmia
lower pulse rate at the wrist than at the heart site
deficit
normal pulse rate becoming weak and feeble with prostration or illness
febrile
pulse count, # of pulsations
frequency
occasional skipping of heartbeats
intermittent
variation of force or frequency in pulse rate
irregular
uniform pulse force, frequency, and duration
regular
fine, hard-to-locate, barely perceivable pulse
thready
suppresses respiratory sounds
absent
cessation of breathing, usually temporary
apnea
respirations gradually increasing in volume until climax, and then subsiding and ceasing for a short period of time before starting again; may be noted in dying
Cheyne-Stokes
out of breath, difficult or labbored breathing
dyspnea
rapid breathing that may be noted in children, those with disease, those in hysteria, or those in a drug-induced condition
frequent
noisy, bubbling sounds from lung mucous, heard on inhalation
rale
short inhalation with small rise in chest
shallow
rattling, bubbling, or snoring sounds that obscure normal breaths
stertorous
pertaining to ear
aural
armpit region
axillary
measurement of body heat registered by an ear thermometer
tympanic
important phone numbers necessary in an emergency, which are located in a prominent position near every available phone
emergency call list
container with oxygen gas tank, colored green; obtained in various sizes and may be centrally supplied to each work station
oxygen source
device used to control the flow of oxygen
oxygen regulator
gauge used to adjust the flow amount of oxygen
oxygen regulator
gauge used to adjust the flow amount of oxygen.
oxygen flowmeter
device placed over a patient’s nose and mouth to administer gas;
may be clear or tinted plastic or rubber material
oxygen mask
device attached to an oxygen mask to apply pressure to the oxygen flow and thereby inflate the lungs
demand-valve resuscitator
handheld squeeze device with a mask that is placed over the patient’s nose and mouth and used to force atmospheric air into the patient’s lungs; may also be attached to the oxygen supply to force oxygen to lungs
AMBU-bag
a tray assembled with materials and items necessary for
emergencies; often supplied in kit form with medicines, administration items, and chemicals to be used for various emergency events. Emergency trays must be updated frequently and close at hand. All dental personnel should know how to use each item
emergency tray
bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
xyanosis
quick, jabbing pressure and force at belt line to force air up the windpipe
abdominal thrust
a result of oxygen imbalance
asphyxiation
applying quick pressure on the chest to force air upward in the windpipe to dislodge the obstruction; may be used on pregnant women as a substitute for abdominal thrusts
chest thrusts
an insert or cut into the thyroid and cricoid cartilage to introduce an emergency air supply.
cricothyrotomy
a condition resulting from air having been forced into the abdomen instead of the lungs
gastric distension
procedure in which abdominal thrusts are applied to a choking patient, which forces air from the diaphragm upward to expel a blockage in the airway
Heimlich maneuver
a lack of inspired oxygen
hypoxia
an artificial opening into the windpipe that is placed between the mouth and the lung; the opening is at the frontal base of neck into the windpipe for air intake
stoma
a cut and an insertion of a tube into the trachea for an emergency air supply
tracheostomy
a life-saving measure that combines artificial respiration with external cardiac massage
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
mechanical/electrical device used to revive and stimulate the heart of a patient in cardiac arrest
AED (automated external defibrillator)
tube inserted into the mouth and down the throat to provide wind to the windpipe
airway device
force applied to the chest, providing pressure on the heart to imitate a heartbeat or pulsation
compression
using a finger in the mouth of an unconscious person to locate and wipe out any airway obstruction
finger sweep
flat bone between ribs “breastbone”
sternum
lowest portion of the breastbone with no ribs attached
xiphoid
loss of consciousness due to fall in blood pressure
syncope
shock arising from a reaction to a body allergen
anaphylactic shock
shock arising from improper heart action
cardiogenic shock
shock arising from excessive blood loss
hemorrhage shock
shock arising from endocrine diseases and disorders such as diabetes
metabolic shock
shock arising from nervous impulses
neurogenic shock
shock arising from a sudden change in body positions
postural shock
shock arising from mental origins
psychogenic shock
shock arising from insufficient breathing
respiratory shock
shock arising from a microbial infection
septic shock
person’s sensitivity to a specific allergen that can cause a variety of symptoms
allergic reaction
an allergic reaction of the body resulting in lowered blood pressure, swelling of the threat, shock, and even death
anaphylaxis reaction
a condition of irritation to the skin, scalp, or mucous membranes
itching
a red rash or blotching of the skin
erythema
a tissue swelling, enlargement of a body area
edema
small watery blisters
vesicle
commonly called hives or wheals
urticaria
a chronic disorder characterized by shortness of breathe, wheezing, and coughing caused by spams of bronchial tubes or swollen mucous membranes
asthma
resulting from allergens entering the body
extrinsic asthma
resulting from bronchial infection allergens
intrinsic asthma
severe asthma attack that may be fatal
status asthmaticus
a disorder of the metabolism of carbohydrates
diabetes melitus
insulin-dependent diabetes, early onset, more severe in course
type 1 diabetes
noninsulin-dependent diabetes, usually develops later in life and may be regulated by diet control and/or taking oral medication
type 2 diabetes
gestational diabetes mellitus may occur in pregnant women who have never had or been tested for diabetes before pregnancy
type 3 diabetes
