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Professional Development IV > Infection Control and Personal Safety > Flashcards

Infection Control and Personal Safety Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Any infection acquired by a patient while receiving treatment for a medical or surgical condition, includes nosocomial infections

A

Healthcare associated infection

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3
Q

How much do HAIs cost each year?

A

24.8 billion yearly

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4
Q

What were major sites of healthcare-associated infections in 2011?

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. GI illness
  3. UTI (#1 in 2002)
  4. Primary bloodstream infections
  5. Surgical site infections from any inpatient surgery
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5
Q

What changed from 2011 to 2018 as far as healthcare associated infections?

A
  • Pneumonia and surgical site infections stayed the most common
  • GI infections joined them tied for first place
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6
Q

How did hospital acquired infections change when COVID hit?

A

Higher rates of:
* Central line-associated bloodstream infections
* Catheter-associated urinary tract infections
* Ventilator-associated events
* MRSA

Increase in infection rates correlated with times of highest rates of COVID-19 admissions. Strong decline in C.diff infections

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7
Q

What are risk factors for HAIs?

A
  • Indwelling medical devices (IV catheters, ET intubation, urinary catheters)
  • Skin breaks (surgical procedures, injection and venipuncture)
  • Contamination of healthcare environment
  • Transmission between patients and providers/staff
  • Overuse or improper use of antibiotics
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8
Q

What are outpatient risk factors for HAIs?

A
  • Less oversight and infection control than hospital settings
  • Improper sterilization and disinfection
  • Reuse of syringes and needles
  • Using single-use medication vials for multiple patients
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9
Q

What are hospital “never” events?

A
  • Objects left in patients after surgery
  • Hospital-acquired urinary tract infections
  • Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections
  • Administration of incompatible blood products
  • Air embolism
  • Patient falls
  • Pressure ulcers
  • Certain surgical site infections
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10
Q

What are direct methods of transmission through contact?

A

Hands, injection, ingestion

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11
Q

What are indirect methods of transmission through contact?

A

Equipment/environment

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12
Q

In addition to contact, what are other methods of transmission?

A

airborne droplets and droplet

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13
Q

What are facility interventions to prevent hospital acquired infection?

A
  • Written standardized policies with evidence-based protocol that is reassessed regularly, with needlestick protocol, and personnel competency and compliance with protocol
  • At least one infection prevention person
  • Proper sterilization of reusable and permanent equipment
  • Job specific training for health care personnel and UTD immunizations
  • PPE for adherence to standard precautions with fit-testing and handwashing supplies
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14
Q

What are standard precautions?

A

Minimum infection protection standards for all patient care

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15
Q

What does standard precautions include?

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • Use of PPE
  • Safe injection practices
  • Safe handling of potentially contaminated equipment or surfaces
  • Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
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16
Q

What is universal precautions?

A
  • Older term
  • Specific avoidance of body fluids due to infection risk
17
Q

What are key situations where hand hygiene is indicated?

A
  • Before touching a patient
  • Before exiting patient care area after touching patient or the patient’s immediate environment
  • After contact with blood, body fluids/excretions, or wound dressings
  • Peior to performing an aseptic task (ex placing IV, preparing an injection)
  • If hands will be moving from a contaminated body site to a clean body site during patient care
  • After glove removal
18
Q

When should soap and water be used for hand hygiene?

A

Visibly soiled hands or after caring for pts with known or suspected infectious diarrhea
Otherwise, alcohol based hand rub

19
Q

What are the most frequently missed areas of the hands while washing?

A

Thumb and tips of fingers

20
Q

What does PPE include?

A
  • Gloves, gowns, face masks, respirators, goggles, face shields
21
Q

When should gloves be worn?

A

If possible contact with blood or body fluids, mucous membranes, non-intact skin or potentially infectious material

22
Q

When should gown be worn?

A

Procedures or activities where contact with blood or body fluids is anticipated

23
Q

When should mouth, nose, and eye protection be worn?

A
  • During procedures that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood or other body fluids
24
Q

When should face shields/masks be worn?

A

To protect patients from oropharyngeal droplets from the provider

25
Q

What is the final step after removing and disposing of PPE?

A

Hand hygiene

26
Q

What is included in injection safety?

A
  • Aseptic technique
  • Cleanse septum with 70% alcohol wipe
  • Don’t reuse syringe for multiple pts, syringe to enter vial, single-dose vials/ampoules/bags, single-use administration sets
  • Dedicate multidose vials to a single patient if possible
  • Keep multi-patient multidose vials out of pt treatment areas
  • Approved sharp containers at point of use
27
Q

What are components of environmental cleaning?

A
  • Follow policies and procedures for routine cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces and focus on surfaces in proximity to patient or frequently touched
  • EPA registered disinfectants or detergents/disinfectants meant for use in healthcare and follow manufacturer’s recommendations for use
28
Q

What are critical items? How are they cleaned?

A
  • Enter sterile tissue or vascular system
  • Must be sterile

Ex: IV catheters, surgical tools

29
Q

What are semi-critical items? How are they cleaned?

A
  • Tools that contact mucous membranes or non-intact skin
  • High-level disinfection prior to reuse

Ex: coloscopes

30
Q

What are noncritical items? How are they cleaned?

A
  • Contact with intact skin only; no mucous membranes
  • Low or intermediate-level disinfection
31
Q

What are environmental surfaces and how are they cleaned?

A
  • Surfaces that do not contact pts
  • Routine cleaning, low level disinfection

EX: floors, walls

32
Q

How should reusable equipment be cleaned?

A
  • Clean and sterilize as appropriate
  • Cleaning, reprocessing, and maintenance following manufacturer’s instructions
  • Staff need appropriate training and to access and wear appropriate PPE when handling and reprocessing contaminated equipment
33
Q

What are precautions for respiratory hygiene/cough etiquetts?

A
  • Attempt to contain respiratory secretions in pts and visitors with s/s of respiratory infection from point of entry throuhgout visit
  • Signs at entrances for visitors with s/s to cover mouths/nose when coughing/sneezing, use and dispose of tissues, perform hand hygiene after hands contact repiratory secretions, provide tissues and no-touch receptacles for tissue disposal
  • Provide resources for performing hand hygiene
  • Offer masks to pts and visitors with s/s
  • Provide space and encourage symptomatic pts to away from others if possible, possibly in a separate waiting area
34
Q

When are contact precautions used?

A
  • Infection spread by contact
  • Skin, mucous membranes, feces, vomit, urine, wound drainage, or other body fluids
  • Also if infection can spread via contact with equipment or environmental surfaces that may be contaminated by pt or secretions/excretions
35
Q

What are parts of contact precautions?

A
  • Standard precautions
  • Gown and gloves upon room entry
  • Use disposable single-use or pt-dedicated equipment
  • For certain organisms with spores, consider use of a hypochlorite solution (ie bleach) for environmental cleaning
36
Q

When are droplet precautions used?

A
  • Infection that can spread through close respiratory of mucous membrane contact with respiratory secretions
37
Q

What are droplet precautions?

A
  • Standard precautions
  • Wear a mask upon entry of room
  • Possibly eye protection (maybe gown too?)
  • Single room preferred or at least 3+ feet and curtain between beds
  • If transported outside room, pt should wear mask and follow respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
38
Q

When are airborne precautions used?

A
  • Pts with infection that can spread over long distances when suspended in air
  • Small disease particles
39
Q

What are airborne precautions?

A
  • Special respiratory protection and room ventilation
  • Standard precautions
  • Wear a mask or respirator prior to room entry, depending on disease-specific recommendations, most requiring N95 or higher (probably gown and gloves too)
  • Pts in airborne infection isolation room with special air handling and ventilation; if doesn’t exist in facility –> private room with closed door until transfer
  • Non-immune workers should not care for pt with vaccine preventable airborne diseases

Professional Development IV (4 decks)

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