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Clinical Bacteriology Lab > Infection Control > Flashcards

Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

infection that was neither present nor in the prodromal (incubation) stage when they entered the hospital.

A

health care-associated infections (HAIs).

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2
Q

earliest efforts to control infection followed the recognition in the 19th century that women were dying in childbirth from bloodstream infections caused by

A

group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

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3
Q

ushered in the modern age of infection control in the late 1950’s

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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4
Q

is an infection contracted outside a health care setting or an infection present on admission.

A

Community-acquired infections

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5
Q

is an infection contracted outside a health care setting or an infection present on admission.

A

Community-acquired infections

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6
Q

Community-acquired respiratory infections commonly involve strains of _____ or _____ and are usually more sensitive to antibiotic treatment

A

Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae

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7
Q

act that was designed to stimulate economic recovery in various ways, including strengthening the nation’s health care infrastructure and reducing health care costs

A

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (February 17 2009)

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8
Q

within the recovery act ____ was authorized to support states in the prevention and reduction of HAI

A

50 million

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9
Q

has established the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) program to monitor the incidence of HAI in the United States.

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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10
Q
  • monitor the incidence of HAI in the united states
  • data collected are used to improve patient safety at the local and national levels
A

National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)

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11
Q

most prevalent HAI (most to least relevant)

A

UTI (33%)
Pneumonia (15%)
Surgical site infections (15%)
Bloodstream infections (13%)
other miscellaneous infections (24%)

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12
Q

patients with indwelling urinary catheters have a threefold increased chance of dying from ____

A

urosepsis

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13
Q

-a bloodstream infection that is a complication of a UTI

A

urosepsis

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14
Q

most HAIs are ___ in origin

A

endogenous

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15
Q

three principal factors that determine the likelihood that a given patient will acquire an infection

A

• Susceptibility to infection and/or immune status of the patient
• The virulence of the infecting organism
• The nature of the patient’s exposure to the infecting organism

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16
Q

all contribute to the likelihood of HAI by suppressing the immune system or altering the host’s normal microbiota to that of resistant microves

A

Corticosteroids, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and antimicrobial agents

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17
Q

is it possible to immunize patients against HAI?

A

no. it can never be completely eliminated, only controlled

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18
Q

are the most common type of health care associated infection reported to the NSHN

A

UTIs

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19
Q

approx ___ are associated with a urinary catheter

A

75%

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20
Q

produce most health care associated UTIs, and escherichia coli is the number one organism involved

A

gram negative rods

21
Q

cause the remainder of the health care associated UTIs

A

Gram-positive organisms, Candida spp and other fungi

22
Q

the most common HAI pathogens that cause pneumonia include

A

gram negative rods

23
Q

causes most community acquired pneumonias, are not not important etiologic agents in health care-associated infections except very early during the hospital course (first 2 to 5 days)

A

S. aureus
H. influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
S. pneumoniae

24
Q

approx ___ of surgical patients develop surgical site infections; ___ of these infections develop after the patient has left the hospital

A

4%

25
Q

cause most of these surgical infections, followed by gram neg rods and candida spp

A

gram positive organisms

26
Q

is a serious infection that occurs when microbes enter the bloodstream through a central line

A

central line-associated bloodstream infection

27
Q

a tube that health care providers place in a large vein in the neck, chest, or arm to give fluids, blood, or medications or to do certain medical tests quickly.

A

central line

28
Q

In the preantibiotic era, most HAls were caused by ____ and _____

A

S. pneumoniae and group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes),

29
Q

In the 1940s and 1950s, with the advent of treatment of patients with ____ and ____ resistant strains of S. aureus appeared

A

penicillin and sulfonamides,

30
Q

in the 1970s, and aminoglycosides led to the emergence of resistant aerobic gram-negative rods, such as specific species of

A

Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Pseudomonas.
Serratia

31
Q

in contaminated food or intravenous solutions

A

Direct contact

32
Q

from patient to patient on the hands of HCWs (MRSA, rotavirus)

A

Indirect contact-

33
Q

inhalation of droplets (>5 um in diameter) that cannot travel more than 3 feet (pertussis)

A

Droplet contact

34
Q

inhalation of droplets (>5 um) that can travel large distances on air currents (tuberculosis)

A

Airborne contact-

35
Q

disease spread by vectors, such as mosquitoes (malaria) or rats (rat-bite fever)

A

Vector-borne contact

36
Q

role of the microbiology laboratory in HAIs

A

supplies the data on organism identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles that the infection control practitioner reviews daily for evi-
dence of HAI.

37
Q

there are two major ways to type strains using

A

phenotypic or molecular typing methods

38
Q

classic phenotype techniques include

A

biotyping
use of antibiograms
serotyping
bacteriocin typing
bacteriophage typing

39
Q

analyzing unique biologic or biochemical characteristics

A

biotyping

40
Q

analyzing unique biologic or biochemical characteristics

A

biotyping

41
Q

analyzing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns

A

antibiograms

42
Q

analyzing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns

A

antibiograms

43
Q

serologic typing of bacterial or viral antigens, such as bacterial cell wall O antigens

A

serotyping

44
Q

serologic typing of bacterial or viral antigens, such as bacterial cell wall (O) antigens

A

serotyping

45
Q

examines an organisms susceptibility to bacterial peptides

A

bacteriocin typing

46
Q

examines the ability of bacteriophages to attack certain bacterial strains

A

bacteriophage typing

47
Q

bacteriophage typing have been useful for typing

A

pseudomonas p. aeruginosa and s. aureus

48
Q

have largely replaced phenotypic methods as a means of confirming the relatedness of strains involved in an outbreak

A

Genotypic, or molecular, methods

Clinical Bacteriology Lab (4 decks)

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