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Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 disease-causing pathogens ?

A

Viruses, Protists, Bacteria, Fungi

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2
Q

What is a pathogen ?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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3
Q

How can pathogens be spread ?

A
  • Direct Contact
  • Air
  • Water
  • Vectors
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4
Q

What is a Vector ?

A

an organism that carries a pathogen and can pass it on but is not infected

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5
Q

How can the spread of pathogens be prevented ?

A
  • good hygiene
  • destroying or controlling vectors
  • isolating infected individuals
  • vaccinations
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6
Q

What are Viruses ?

A

Viruses are very small particles capable of infecting every type of living organism.

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7
Q

Types of Viral Pathogens

A
  • Measles
  • HIV
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
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8
Q

How do bacteria pathogens cause disease ?

A

They divide rapidly by splitting in two. They may produce toxins that affect your body and make you feel ill.

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9
Q

How do virus pathogens cause disease ?

A

Viruses take over the cells of your body. They live and reproduce inside the cells, damaging and destroying them

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10
Q

Salmonella

A
  • spread in food bacteria and caused by unhygienic kitchen environment.
  • all chickens are vaccinated against it
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11
Q

Gonorrhoea

A
  • used to be treated by penicillin
  • treated by antibiotics
  • wear a condom
  • get tested and vaccinated to prevent spread
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12
Q

Measles

A
  • it is a virus

- spread in droplets when someone coughs or sneezes

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13
Q

HIV

A
  • can be treated by antiretroviral drugs which stop virus multiplying which stop it from going onto to develop AIDS
  • drugs not a cure but has to be taken for the rest of your life
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14
Q

Malaria

A
  • bouts of fever
  • protist
  • stop vector from breeding by draining or insecticide areas of still water
  • use a mosquito when sleeping to stop mosquito from entering.
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15
Q

Antibodies

A
  • produced by lymphocytes
  • lymphocytes produce antibodies against anything foreign
  • scientists call foreign objects like this antigens
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16
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A
  • Inject mouse with antigen then lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen
  • Collect lymphocytes from mouse
  • They don’t divide by mitosis so they fuse with tumour cell which are very good are dividing by mitosis
  • This produced a hybridoma cell
  • Select a single hybridoma cell with the antibody we want
  • Allow division to form clones which are identical
17
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies are….

A

specific to one binding site or one antigen

18
Q

Pregnancy Test

A
  • it detects a specific hormone
  • cheap and easy to use
  • highly accurate
19
Q

Lab Testing

A
  • measure levels of hormones in blood

- detect pathogens in blood

20
Q

Locating MAB

A

locate or identifying specific molecules

21
Q

Treating Diseases

A
  • specific to cancer cells
  • attach radioactive substance or toxic drug to the antibody
  • which attaches to cancer cell and stop it from growing and dividing
22
Q

Testing Medicines

A

toxicity , efficacy and dosage

23
Q

Foxglove

A

digitalis

24
Q

Willow Tree

A

aspirin

25
Q

Preclinical Testing

A
  • carried out on cells, tissues and live animals
26
Q

Clinical Testing

A
  • very low doses given to healthy volunteers

- to test for dosage

27
Q

Placebo

A

a tablet or injection with no active drug in it

28
Q

Double - blind trial

A
  • test group receive active drug
  • Placebo group receive a dummy drug but not active
  • neither doctors nor patients know which people have the placebo and active drug to stop bias
29
Q

Nitrate Deficiency

A

Plants use nitrates as a supply of nitrogen, which is needed to make proteins for healthy growth.

Without nitrates, the amount of chlorophyll in leaves reduces. This means leaves turn a pale green or yellow colour. This reduces the plant’s ability to photosynthesise and grow properly.

30
Q

Magnesium Deficiency

A

Plants use magnesium ions to make chlorophyll in their leaves. Like in nitrate deficiency, the plant is limited in terms of its photosynthetic ability and the plant growth is compromised.

31
Q

Symptoms of Infection in Plants

A
  • Stunted growth from mealybugs
  • Spots on leaves caused by the rose black spot fungus
  • Decay caused by the rice blast fungus
  • Malformed stems or leaves caused by the ash dieback
    fungus
  • Discoloration caused by the tobacco mosaic virus
  • The present of pests (aphids)
32
Q

Physical Defences

A
  • thick bark
  • cellulose cell wall
  • leaves covered with a waxy cuticle
33
Q

Chemical Defences

A
  • mint and witch hazel produce antibacterial chemicals.

- stinging nettles, have developed poisons to stop themselves being eaten by herbivores

34
Q

Other defences

A

Farmers can now genetically engineer crop plants to be resistant to infections.

35
Q

Mechanical Defences

A
  • Thorns and hairs
  • Drooping leaves - evolved to close its leaves and then
    point its stems towards the ground when touched by
    an insect
  • Mimicry - Some plants have evolved the ability to
    mimic what is around them

Biology (6 decks)

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