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GCSE Biology Paper 1 v2 > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Communicable diseases is a disease that spreads from person to person

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2
Q

How are communicable disease spread by?

A

Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

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3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

It is a disease that cannot be spread such as coronary heart disease.

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4
Q

How is tuberculosis a communicable disease?

A

In most people the immune system can fight off TB but people with HIV have a weak immune system. People with a more defective immune system are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.

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5
Q

What are pathogens?

A

They are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease.

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6
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Very small cells that rapidly reproduce they make you fell ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissue.

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7
Q

What are viruses?

A

They are pathogens that rapidly reproduce inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells until they burst. When the cell is used it burst and that is what makes you fell ill.

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8
Q

What are protists?

A

Some protists are parasites they live on or in other organisms and can cause them damage. They are often transferred by vectors which doesn’t get the disease themselves.

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9
Q

What are fungi?

A

Some fungi are single celled. Others have a body made up of hyphae. Hyphae grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of the plants causing disease. Hyphae produce spores which spread.

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10
Q

How can pathogens spread?

A

Water-cholera
Air-influenza virus
Direct contact-athletes foots

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11
Q

List three viral diseases

A

Measles-spread through coughing or sneezing. They develops a red skin rash and signs of a fever.
HIV-spread through sexual contact or bodily fluids. Causes flu like symptoms the virus attacks the immune system.
TMV-virus that affects plants it causes a mosaic pattern and causes discolouration so it can’t photosynthesise and growth is stunted.

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12
Q

Give an example of a fungal disease in a plant?

A

Rose black spot-this causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plant. The leaves can turn yellow and fall off.

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13
Q

How is rose black spot spread? What are the symptoms?How do you treat this disease?

A

Through water or wind. Less photosynthesis can take place so there is stunted growth. They can treat the disease using fungicides and by stripping the plant these leaves then need to be destroyed.

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14
Q

What is an example of a protist?

A

Malaria is caused by a protist.

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15
Q

How is malaria spread?How do you stop the spread of malaria?What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Every time a mosquito feeds on an animal it passes on the disease into the animals blood stream as it is a vector. Stop mosquitoes from breeding, use insecticides and mosquito nets. Malaria causes repeating episodes of fever which can be fatal.

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16
Q

List two bacterial disease

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea

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17
Q

What is salmonella?

A

It is a bacteria that causes food poisoning. Infected people can suffer from fever,stomach cramps,vomiting and diarrhoea. These symptoms are caused by the toxins that the bacteria produce. You can get salmonella food poisoning by eating food that’s been contaminated with salmonella bacteria. You can prevent this by giving poultry vaccinations.

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18
Q

How do you treat for salmonella?

A

Antibiotics

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19
Q

What is Gonorrhoea?

A

It is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria. A person with gonorrhoea will get pain when they urinate. Another symptom is a thick yellow discharge from the vagina or penis. You can prevent this by using contraception.

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20
Q

How do you treat gonorrhoea?

A

Antibiotics called penicillin however this has become more difficult as strands of the bacteria have become resistant.

21
Q

How can you prevent the spread of disease?

A

Being hygienic - using hygiene measures can prevent the spread of disease. Washing hands before eating or after sneezing.
Destroying vectors - prevent the disease being passed on by using insecticides.
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination - They can’t develop immunity to that disease.

22
Q

How does your body stop pathogens causing damage?

A

The skin - physical barrier
Secretion of antimicrobial substances
Hairs and mucus in your nose trap particles that could contain pathogens.
The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
The trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia. These are hair like structures which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth.

23
Q

How does your immune system deal with pathogens?

A

White blood cells are used they:
Engulf foreign bodies - phagocytosis
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins

24
Q

Describe the job of B-lymphocytes

A

Every pathogen is surrounded by unique molecules on its surface these are called antigens. The lymphocytes will produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells, they are only specific to that type of antigen. They then reproduce rapidly to stop the spread of disease. These antibodies remember the protein structure so when it re enters the body it is killed quicker.

25
Q

What are anti toxins?

A

They counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria.

26
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

You are injected with small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens. These still carry antigens so you’re body learns how to make the corresponding antibody to destroy the pathogen for when it enters the body.

27
Q

What are the pros of vaccines?

A

They help control communicable diseases that were once common for example polio, measles and tetanus.
Epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated. That way even people not vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease as there is fewer people who can pass on the disease.

28
Q

What is the cons of a vaccine?

A

Vaccines don’t always work - don’t dive yo an immunity.

You could have a bad reaction such as swelling or seizures.

29
Q

What does antibiotics do?

A

They kill bacteria.

30
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?

A

Bacteria can mutate sometimes they can mutate to form resistance to a certain drug.
If you have an infection some bacteria might be resistant. The non-resistant strains of bacteria will be killed. The resistant drugs will survive and reproduce and the population of the resistant bacteria will grow. This means this bacteria cannot be treated by the same antibiotics.

31
Q

How do you stop bacteria becoming resistant?

A

Doctors shouldn’t over prescribe antibiotic. It is important that you finish the whole course of antibiotics.

32
Q

What is aspirin?

A

It is a painkiller. It comes from a chemical in willow

33
Q

What is digitalis?

A

A chemical used to treat heart conditions found in foxgloves.

34
Q

Give an example of drugs that were extracted from microorganisms

A

Penicillin

35
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

Alexander Fleming was clearing out Petri dishes containing bacteria. He noticed that one of the dishes of bacteria also had mould on it and the area around the mould was free of bacteria. He found that the mould (called penicillium notatum) on the Petri dish was producing a substance that killed the bacteria this was then called penicillin.

36
Q

What are the stages of drug testing?

A

Pre-clinical:
- drugs are tested on human cells, tissues and animals in the lab they test for toxicity efficacy and dosage.
- to find toxicity, dosage and efficacy a live animal at least 2 by law, this has some ethical issues however.
Clinical:
- If the drug passes the pre-clinical trails it is then tested on humans
- the drug is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure there are no side affects at a very low dose
- the drugs are then tested on the people with the illness to find an optimum dosage
- a placebo test is done so doctors can see the difference in the drug
- double-blind test where the doctor and patient don’t know who has the placebo this is so doctors are not subconsciously influenced by their knowledge.
- the results aren’t published until they’ve been through peer reviews this helps to prevent false claims.

37
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • B-lymphocytes (white blood cell) produce antibodies.
  • monoclonal antibodies are produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell, this means all monoclonal antibodies are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen.
  • the specific antigen is injected into a mouse.
  • B-lymphocytes are taken from a mouse that are specific to that antigen
  • they are then fused with tumour cells as they rapidly reproduce.
  • the fusion between a b-lymphocyte and tumour cell is called a hybridoma
  • these cells are then cloned into identical cells which all produce the same antibody
  • these antibodies are collected and purified.
38
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy test?

A

A hormone called HCG is found in the urine of women only when they are preggers. The bit of the stick you wee on has some antibodies to the hormone, with blue beads attached that targets the hormone. The test strip has some more antibodies to the hormone stuck onto it.
When the hormone binds to the antibody on the blue beads. The urine moves up the stick carrying these hormones and beads. The beads then bind to antibodies on the strip so the blue beads get stuck there turning it blue.
If you are not preggers the urine still moves up the stick but it won’t go blue.

39
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat disease?

A

The antibodies target specific antigens and bind to them for example a cancer cell has antigens called tumour markings so it can kill the cancer cells and not damage any other cells.

40
Q

List another use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

They can bind to a substance you are looking for. They can then bind to a fluorescent dye. So that the substance becomes visible.

41
Q

What are nitrates ions used for in plants?

A

Used to make proteins, if there is a lack of nitrate then there will be stunted growth.

42
Q

What are magnesium ions used for?

A
  • Used to make chlorophyll, a lack of magnesium ions means leaves are discoloured, this means less photosynthesis so less glucose.
  • Glucose is used for many this in the plant such as proteins, this means that growth would also be stunted.
43
Q

What are the common symptoms of plant diseases?

A
  • Stunted growth
  • Spots on the leaves
  • Patches of decay
  • Abnormal growths e.g. lumps
  • Malformed stems or leaves
  • Discolouration
44
Q

How can you tell what disease your plant has?

A
  • Send it of to a laboratory
  • Compare with pictures online/ gardening books
  • Using testing kits that identify the pathogen using monoclonal antibodies.
45
Q

What are plants physical defences?

A
  • Most plants have a waxy cuticle
  • Most plants are surrounded by a cell wall
  • Some plants have a layer of dead cells around their stems e.g. bark.
46
Q

What are plants chemical defences?

A
  • Some produce anti bacterial chemicals e.g. mint plant and witch hazel,
  • Some produce poisons which deter herbivores.
47
Q

What are plants mechanical defences?

A
  • Thorns or hairs to stop the plants from being eaten,
  • Have leaves that droop or curl when they are touched to flick of insects or pests,
  • Can mimic other organisms e.g. passion flower has bright yellow spots to look like butterfly eggs so that other butterflies don’t lay their eggs on the plant/ Some plants look like rocks or pebbles to stop from being eaten e.g. ice plant family
48
Q

What are the problems with monoclonal antibodies?

A

They can cause fevers, vomiting, and low blood pressure.

GCSE Biology Paper 1 v2 (5 decks)

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