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GCSE Biology Paper 1 v2 > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

The production of glucose using carbon dioxide and water using the energy from light.

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2
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

In the presence of light and chlorophyll.

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3
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → H6C12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

How is glucose used in plants?

A
  • Respiration
  • Making cellulose
  • Making amino acids
  • Stored as oil
  • Stored as starch
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5
Q

How is glucose used to create amino acids?

A

They combine with nitrate ions to make amino acids.

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6
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

Used in the cell wall so the plant stays strong.

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7
Q

Why do plants store glucose as oil?

A

Glucose is turned into lipids for storing in seeds.

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8
Q

Why is glucose stored as starch instead of glucose?

A

Starch is insoluble - this means that water is not drawn into the plant because there is no concentration gradient in cells as the water inside is not concentrated with glucose. This prevents swelling.

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9
Q

What are the limiting factors to photosynthesis?

A

> CO2 concentration - if its warm enough and bright enough
Light intensity - often at night
Temperature - often in winter

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10
Q

What else could effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

The amount of chlorophyll, it can be effected by diseases such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) or deficiencies like magnesium.

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11
Q

What does the graph for CO2 concentration look like (effecting rate of photosynthesis)?

A

Rises steeply, then levels out flat so rate of photosynthesis stays constant while CO2 concentration increases.
A curve that slows down its growth as the CO2 concentration increases until the photosynthesis concentration stays constant.

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12
Q

What does the graph for Light intensity look like (effecting rate of photosynthesis)?

A

Rises steeply, then levels out flat so rate of photosynthesis stays constant while Light intensity increases.
A curve that slows down its growth as the Light intensity increases until the photosynthesis concentration stays constant.

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13
Q

What does the graph for temperature look like (effecting rate of photosynthesis)?

A

The rate of photosynthesis increase quickly, it peaks, then begins to decrease at a vert fast rate as the temperature gets too high. The temperature when photosynthesis stops is around 45°C.

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14
Q

How can you test the effect of light on photosynthesis?

A
  • Set up a source of white light at a specific distance from a pond weed that is submerged in water.
  • The pond weed is submerged in water inside a test tube. It is covered with a bung, this has a capillary tube that goes through the bung and connects to a gas syringe to collect oxygen from photosynthesis. The test tube is held by a clamp,
  • Time for 2 mins and see how much oxygen is collected in the syringe.
  • Record this information
  • Then repeat but move the light closer to the pond weed,
  • You should see that the rate of photosynthesis increases, you can tell because more oxygen is produced.
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15
Q

What is the relationship between light intensity and distance?

A

Light intensity is inversely proportional to distance^2:
Light intensity ∝ 1/ distance^2
This is called the inverse square law.

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16
Q

How can you create the artificial conditions for optimum yield (photosynthesis)?

A
  • Greenhouses trap heat to keep the temperature at an optimum level for photosynthesis,
  • Gardeners may use heaters in the winter, in summer farmers may need to ventilate the greenhouse,
  • Greenhouses are made of glass so that light can come through, a lot of the time artificial lights are commonly use as well at night.
  • Using paraffin heaters to keep the greenhouse warm but also release CO2 as a by product (to increase CO2 level).
  • Keeping plants enclosed to avoid pests
  • Mineral rich soil
  • Managing money to get the optimum conditions for the best price.
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17
Q

What is breathing?

A

The mechanical process of inhaling and exhaling air from your lungs.

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18
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell.

19
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic

20
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

21
Q

How do organisms use the energy from respiration?

A
  • Build up larger molecules from smaller ones,
  • Allow muscles to contract
  • Regulate their body temperature,
22
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of chemical reactions in your body.

23
Q

How are glycogen, starch and cellulose made?

A

Glucose molecules are joined together.

24
Q

What are lipid molecules made of?

A

One molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.

25
Q

What is glucose made of?

A

Nitrates and amino acids.

26
Q

How is urea made?

A

Excess proteins are broken down in a reaction to form urea, this is then excreted with in urine.

27
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Breaking down glucose into energy using oxygen.

28
Q

What is the written equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Energy is also released

29
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

30
Q

Where and when does aerobic respiration take place?

A
  • In the mitochondria,

- Takes place all the time.

31
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

When your body lacks oxygen but still needs energy, your body uses anaerobic respiration, it partly breaks down glucose to produce some energy without using oxygen.

32
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

glucose → lactic acid

33
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

ethanol + carbon dioxide

34
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells also known as?

A

Fermentation

35
Q

What are the uses for fermentation in the industry?

A
  • The CO2 from fermentation makes the bread rise as it makes air gaps,
  • The ethanol is used to make alcoholic beverages.
36
Q

What are the similarities and differences of anaerobic respiration in animals and plants/yeast?

A 
similarities:
- Both release little amount of energy
Differences:
- In animals, lactic acid is produced
- In plants/yeast ethanol is produced
- In plants/yeast CO2 is produced
37
Q

Why do we need more energy during exercise?

A

Our muscles can use this energy to do more contractions which occur more frequently during exercise.

38
Q

Why do we breath heavily whilst respiring aerobically?

A

In order to get more oxygen to our working muscles so that they can produce more energy for muscular contraction.

39
Q

What type of respiration do we use when doing high intensity activities?

A

Anaerobic because we need lots of energy at once and we cant supply in enough oxygen when we are doing such vigorous exercise.

40
Q

What does lactic acid cause?

A

Pain/ muscle fatigue, this means that your muscles won’t contract as efficiently.

41
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A
  • The amount of oxygen that is needed to break down the lactic acid that has built up in our cells,
  • Oxygen reacts with lactic acid to form harmless CO2 and water,
  • In order to get this oxygen back into your body you breath very heavily after intense exercise (panting)
  • Your breathing rate and heart rate are high to get more oxygen into your blood stream and to pump it around to muscles faster so oxygen can be deposited to break down lactic acid in muscle tissue.
42
Q

What is another way that your body deals with lactic acid?

A

Lactic acid is sent to the liver to be converted back into glucose.

43
Q

Why is your resting heart rate and breathing rate lower than when you exercise?

A
  • You don’t need to take in a lot of oxygen as your muscles don’t need to contract as much.
  • Your blood does not have to give as much oxygen to the working muscles as there is little demand as you are not doing many contractions.

GCSE Biology Paper 1 v2 (5 decks)

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