Infection And Response

Question 1

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 1

Identical copies of one type of antibody

Question 2

What are the steps of producing monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 2

1 antigen inject into Mouse
2 Mouse produces lymphocytes which produce antibodies specific to antigen
3 spleen cells which produce these are surgically removed
4 spleen cells fused with human cancerous wbc- myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide rapidly
5 these will then divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to original antigen

Question 3

Name a use of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 3

Pregnancy test kits
Cancer diagnosis and treatment
HIV aids herpes and chlamydia

Question 4

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer

Answer 4

Carrying drugs that have been attached to them directly to the Tumour
Encouraging the immune system to attack the cancer cells directly

Question 5

Describe briefly how a pregnancy test stick works.

Answer 5

Contain monoclonal antibodies specific to HCG ( a hormone only in urine of pregnant women) they are attached to end HCG in urine will bind to antibodies and will cause colour change or pattern

Question 6

What are pathogens?

Answer 6

Microorganism which cause a disease
These include

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

Question 7

Give an example of a virus in humans and plants

Answer 7

Humans - hiv

Plants- tobacco mosaic virus

Question 8

Give an example of a bacteria

Humans and plants

Answer 8

Humans - salmonella

Plants - agrobacterium

Question 9

Give an example of a fungi humans and plants

Answer 9

Humans - athletes foot

Plants- rose black spot

Question 10

Give an example of a protist in humans and plants

Answer 10

Humans -malaria

Plants - downy mildew

Question 11

Include some ways disease can be transmitted

Answer 11

Direct contact, water, air, unhygienic food prep, vector