Infection And Response Flashcards
What do pathogens rely on the host for?
Depend on the host to provide the right nutrients so they can reproduce and grow
How are pathogens spread?
By water, direct contact, air
What are the 4 types of pathogens?
•Bacteria
•Fungi
•Protists
•Virus
What is willow bark?
Cures fevers and pains, later discovered it was salicylic acid, now know as aspirin
What are pathogens?
Micro organisms that cause infectious diseases
Physical defences of plants?
~Thorns and hairs to avoid being eaten
~Drooping leaves curl up so insects find it difficult to feed on leaves
What do farmers genetically engineer crops to be?
Resistant to infection
Is fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic, no nucleus
Why does mass infection happen?
Less people vaccinated leaves the population as a higher risk of mass infection as more likely to come across an infected person
Symptoms of rose black spot?
Black spots on leaves, yellow, dropping leaves
What is a spore?
Cell that certain fungi, plants and bacteria produce
How is Rose black spot spread?
Spores are carried from plant to plant by water ir wind
What are the consequences of rose black spot?
Dropped leaves leads to growth stunt as photosynthesis is reduced as not as many leaves to carry it out
Treatment of rose black spot?
Fungicide, removing and destroying affected leaves
What type of pathogen is rose black spot?
Fungal
What type of pathogen is measles?
Viral
Symptoms of measles?
Fever, red skin rash
How is measles spread?
Breathing in sneeze and cough droplets
Consequences of measles?
Fatal is complications
Prevention of measles?
Vaccination
What type of pathogen is malaria?
Protist
Symptoms of malaria?
Severe fever
How is malaria spread?
Mosquito bite
Consequences of malaria?
Death
Prevention of malaria ?
Mosquito repellent, nets
What type of pathogen is salmonella?
Bacteria
Symptoms of salmonella?
Fever, abdominal pain due to bacteria secreting toxins
How is salmonella spread?
Chickens and eggs
Consequences of salmonella?
Quite ill, some cases death
Prevention of salmonella?
Chickens vaccinated, hygiene, thorough cooking
What type of pathogen is HIV?
Viral
Symptoms of HIV?
Mild flu like feeling
How is HIV spread?
Sexual contact and body fluids
Consequences of HIV?
Enter lymph nodes, attack immune cells so death as it can’t fight other infections
Prevention of HIV?
Contraception, not using same needles
Life cycle of a virus?
1) virus enters cell
2) substance in cell begins to take off the virus’ outer coat of protein
3)Nuclei acid in virus released
4)Nuclei acid gets into cells chemical manufacturing system
5)Cell ignores own chemical needs, switches to make new viruses
6)Cell bursts, new viruses released to infect other cells
What is phagocytosis?
White blood cells (phagocytes) engulf and digest a pathogen
What can bacteria do to cells?
May damage cells or produce toxins that damage tissue
What is a vector?
Organism that spreads a disease, example is a mosquito
Are phagocytes specific or non-specific?
Non specific as do it to all pathogens
What do pathogens do to pathogens?
•Surround pathogens in the blood and engulf them
•Attracted to pathogens+bind to them
•Phagocytes membrane surrounds pathogen, enzymes in the cell break down and destroy pathogen
How can spread of infection be reduced?
○Simple hygiene : wash hands, sneeze into tissue
○Isolate infected individuals
○Vaccination
Do vectors become infected with the disease?
No
How do viruses cause damage?
Reproduce inside cells
How are fungal diseases spread?
By touching infected skin or surfaces
How are fungal infections treated?
With antifungal meds
What do antibiotics do?
Slow down bacteria growth, kill pathogen
What are protists?
Group of microorganisms
What is an antigen?
Protein/chemical on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response
What is the function of antibodies?
Cause pathogens to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them
Why can’t antibiotics cure the common cold (viruses)?
Viruses aren’t cells, they reproduce inside host cells so the antibiotics might damage the host cell whilst killing the virus
What are lymphocytes?
Type of white blood cell which recognises proteins on surface of pathogen (antigen), produce antibodies, takes a few days whilst you feel ill
What are painkillers?
Chemicals that relieve symptoms but don’t kill pathogens. As symptoms treated immune system fights pathogen.
Why should you finish the full course of antibiotics?
Can be harmful as random mutations can occur leading to antibiotics resistance, resistant bacteria reproduces quickly and resistance spreads
Why is it difficult to develop antiviral drugs?
May damage host cell aswell as virus, antigens are quickly changed by viruses meaning new drugs need to be made quickly
How does bacteria replicate?
Every 20 mins by bacteria fission
Types of drug trials?
•Blind
•Double blind
•Open trial
How to reduce antibiotic resistance?
•Only take when necessary
•Use specific antibiotics
•Keep antibiotic resistant strain patients isolated
•High hospital hygiene as resistance spreads by poor hygiene
What is the body’s second line of defence?
Immune system = phagocytes and lymphocytes
Chemical plant defences of mint and witchhazel?
Produce antibacterial chemicals
Why do plants have chemical defences?
Protect from pathogens that the physical defences didn’t stop
Stinging nettles chemical defence?
Use poison
What type of pathogen is gonorrhea?
Bacteria
Symptoms of gonorrhea?
Thick yellow discharge
How is gonorrhea spread?
Sexual contact
Consequences of gonorrhea?
Infertility, can be treated with penicillin but may be resistant
Prevention of gonorrhea?
Contraception
Convert CM to MM?
X 10
MM to CM?
÷ 10
MM to UM (micro meteres)
X 1000
UM (micro meters) to MM
÷ 1000
NM to UM
÷ 1000
UM to NM (nanometers)
X 1000
If you are converting from a small to large you…
Divide ➗️
If you are converting a large to a small value you..
Multiply ✖️
Are the trachea and bronchi specific or non-specific?
Non specific
Trachea and bronchi physical defences?
Cells line trachea have hairs called cillia, called ciliated cells, waft their hairs and move mucus/pathogens up to the throat where it’s swallowed in stomach
What is the name for something that creates mucus to trap pathogens?
Goblet cells
What do goblet cells do?
Create mucus to trap pathogens
Is mucus a physical or chemical barrier?
Physical
How does the skin protect against infection?
Cut instantly begins to heal itself, scab prevents infection, physical barrier
Is the skin specific or non-specific?
Non-specific
How do eyes protect against infection?
Produce tears which contain enzymes
Is the eyes barrier physical or chemical?
Chemical barrier
What did Thalomide cause?
Caused unexpected serious damage to unborn babies, many born with missing limbs
What was Thalomide thought to be ?
Sleeping pill, ease mourning sickness
What is Thalmoife now used to treat?
Bone cancer, leprosy
Nose non-specific defences?.
~Internal hairs, act as physical barrier
~Cells in the nose produce mucus which trap pathogens
What are non-specific defects?
☆Work against all pathogens
☆Stop them entering body
Non-specific defences?
☆Skin
☆Nose
☆Trachea+bronchi
☆Stomach
How are infections transmitted?
-Sexual contact
-Water (dirty water transmits cholera
-Air (droplets infect air from persons caught or sneeze)
What are protists?
Single celled organisms (just one cell)
How do vaccines work?
Allow a dead or altered form of the disease to be introduced into the body containing an antigen, causes white blood cells to produce antibodies which attaches to antigen and engulfs pathogen (phagocytosis)
What can a high use of antibiotics lead to?
Spread of antibiotic resistance from animals into human hosts
What do antibiotics damage?
Bacterial cells but not host cells
Why do we need a range of antibiotics?
Can only cure some bacterial diseases,
Physical plant defences?
-thick bark (external layer of dead cells)
-Cellulose (carb that forms cell wall
-Leaves (covered with waxy cuticle
Stomachs defence non-specific?
•Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens
•Chemical barrier
Stomach chemical or physical barrier ?
Chemical
What do bacterium that is cultured compete for?
Competes with contaminating bacteria for nutrients in agar
What do pathogens produce in your body that makes you ill?
Toxins, lymphocytes produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins aswell as attaching itself to the pathogen
What happens when pathogens pass the first line of defence?
Cause an infection
What type of pathogen is tmv?
Virus
How is tmv spread?
Enters through damaged epidermis, contact with infected plant
Consequences of tobacco mosaic virus?
Affects growth as photosynthesis can’t occur as the chloroplasts are affected so can’t take in light for photosynthesis
Prevention tobacco mosaic virus?
Removing infected leaves, destroying pests which cause epidermal damage
Why do lymphocytes produce specific antibodies?
Both antibodies and antitoxins are highly specific to the antigen on the pathogen
How does a high level of tmv reduce plant growth ?
Because there is less chlorophyll so less glucose, starch and protein is made
