Everything Biolgy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the advantages of statins?
A
Reduce risk of coronary heart disease and strokes, increase the amount of good ‘HDL’ cholestrol
2
Q
What is transpiration?
A
Loss of water from a plant
3
Q
What is needed for asexual reproduction?
A
Genetically identical clones, produced from mitosis
4
Q
What happens in the mitochondria?
A
Most of the reactions for aerobic respiration
5
Q
What are the stages before mitosis?
A
Cell cycle
Cell grows
Further growth
DNA checked for errors
Mitosis
6
Q
Why are the advantages of electron microscopes?
A
Electrons form image, much higher magnification
7
Q
Define the term, risk factor?
A
Risk factor= linked to an increase in the likeliness that a person will develop a certain disease
8
Q
What is the link between surface area to volume ratio?
A
How easily stuff moves between an organism and it’s environment depends on its surface area to volume ratio
9
Q
What is a communicable disease?
A
Communicable= person to person
10
Q
What is a non communicable disease?
A
Can’t be spread
11
Q
What are the human costs of non communicable diseases?
A
Lower quality of life, shorter life span
12
Q
What are blood tests used for?
A
Diagnose things in the body not just blood disorders as blood transports so many chemicals produced by organs
13
Q
What happens if the heart valves are faulty?
A
Valve tissue stiffens so doesn’t open properly, leaky so blood doesn’t flow effectively
14
Q
How can faulty heart valves be replaced?
A
Replaced biologically or mechanically
15
Q
What is the function of sperm?
A
Function is to fertilise an egg,
16
Q
What features does a sperm have to make it efficient?
A
Long tail to swim to egg, head contains enzymes to make a hole in the egg (digests the egg cell membrane), large amount of mitochondria for movement
17
Q
What does a lack of platelets cause?
A
Cause bruises and excessive bleeding
18
Q
Where are embryos from that are used in research?
A
Usually unwanted embryos from fertility clinics
19
Q
What does a higher temperature cause in terms of diffusion?
A
Speeds up diffusion because particles have more energy
20
Q
Name some risk factors associated with life?
A
Smoking, obesity, viral infections are risk factors associated with life
21
Q
Describe the features of arteries?
A
Carry blood away from heart (except pulmonary artery), under high pressure, thick walls, no valves, thick muscle layer
22
Q
What is a benign tumor?
A
Tumor grows until no more room, stays in one place, non cancerous
23
Q
What happens in the cytoplasm?
A
Most chemical reactions
24
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
Holds cell together, controls what goes in and out
25
What is the resting heart rate controlled by?
Group of cells in right atrium that act as pacemakers
26
What do the pacemakers do?
Cells produce electrical impulses to muscle cells causing them to contract
27
When does the most amount of differentiation occur in an organism?
Most differentation occurs as an organism develops
28
What is resolution?
Ability to see two different points without them being merged
29
Features of white blood cells?
Defend against infection, have nucleus, engulf pathogens (phagocytes), produced antibodies (lymphocytes)
30
What is the function of the cell wall and whats it made from?
Made of cellulose, supports and strengthens cell
31
Describe the veins?
Have valves (keep blood flow in correct direction), carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein), low pressure, thin walls
32
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to take in oxygen, blood returns to heart
33
Describe the phloem?
Function is to carry glucose around plant, have sieve plates, requires energy, companion cells, regulate functions as have no nucleus
34
Describe the xylem?
Physical process, function to carry water and minerals, cell walls toughened by lignin, water drawn from xylem to replace water lost by leaves, consists of dead cells
35
What is the permanent vacuole?
Filled with cell sap, keeps cell turgid
36
What happens in the ribosomes?
Proteins are made in the ribosomes
37
What are the advantages of an artificial heart?
Less likely to be rejected, body doesn't recognise as foreign
38
What is diffusion?
Spreading of particles from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
39
What is the area where no bacteria has grown called?
Zone of inhibition
40
Name a fungal disease?
Rose black spot
41
Name a protist disease?
Malaria
42
Name a virus?
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), measles
43
Name a bacteria disease?
Salmonella
44
Function of the platelets?
Help blood collect, small fragments of cells, no nucleus
45
Where are adults stem cells found?
In the bone marrow
46
What does iodine test for?
Starch and if starch is present it will turn blue/black
47
Describe the nerve?
Carry electrical signals, long to cover long distances, branched connections to other nerves, insulated to enhance electrical signal transmission
48
How to prepare a slide to look at under a microscope?
1) place thinnest layer of onion on slide
2) stain with a dye (iodine)
3) place another slide ontop
(Tilt and lower the top slide to prevent air bubbles)
49
What do stents do?
Open arteries up
50
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Blood clotts, infection from surgery, complications during operation such as a heart attack
51
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Blood clotts, infection from surgery, complications during operation such as a heart attack
52
Why are stem cells not rejected?
Cells contain the same genes
53
What happens to the rate of diffusion if the concentration gradient is bigger?
The bigger the concentration the faster the diffusion
54
Describe plasma?
Carries everything in the blood: red, white blood cells, platelets, CO2, urea, hormones, proteins, glucose, amino acids
55
What does the light microscope enable us to see?
See individual cells and subcellular structures
56
What is coronary heart disease caused by?
Caused by coronary arteries getting blocked by layers of fatty material building up, so less blood and oxygen is supplied to the heart
57
Written equation for aerobic respiration in all organisms?
Glucose + oxygen -------- carbon dioxide + water
58
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration in all organisms?
C6 H12 O6 + O2 ------- CO2 + H2O
59
What is the function of the heart valves?
Make sure blood flows in correct direction, prevent backflow
60
Where are the stem cells found in plants?
Found in the meristems
61
Anaerobic respiration written equation in fermentation/bread and alchol?
Glucose ------- ethanol + carbon dioxide
62
Whar are the cells that differentiate in mature animals used for?
Used for repairing and replacing cells
63
Written equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose ------- lactic acid
64
What is an antigen?
Molecule on surface of pathogen, triggers white blood cells to produce antibodies
65
What is the advantages of replacing a heart valve?
Less drastic
66
What is a disadvantage of replacing a heart valve?
Major surgery so blood clotts can occur
67
What is a disadvantage of replacing a heart valve?
Major surgery so blood clotts can occur
68
What are undifferentiated cells called?
Stem cells
69
What is osmosis?
Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from high to low water concentration
70
What happens to cells when they change?
When cells change they develop subcellular structures, turn into different types of cells allowing them to carry out specific functions
71
Describe the capillaries ?
Connect arteries and veins, found really close to cells to exchange materials, one cell thick walls, take away waste
72
Describe the muscle cells?
Function to contact quickly, long so there is space to contract, lots of mitochondria to make energy needed for contraction
73
Function of the left ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood around the body, blood gives all oxygen to body, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart ❤️
74
What does buret test for?
Tests for proteins, original colour is blue, if protein present it turns purple
75
Why do body cells have two copies of each chromosome?
Body cells have twk copies of each chromosome because one from father and one from mother
76
Why are stem cells from embryos grown in labs?
Stem cells from embryos are grown in labs to produce clones (genetically identical) which are made to differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or research
77
What are the disadvantages of statins?
Long term, need to be taken regularly, people could forget, takes time for effect to happen, side effects: kidney failure, headaches
78
What do statins do?
Lower cholesterol, too much 'bad' cholesterol (LDL) causes fatty deposits to form inside arteries, statins reduce bad cholesterol slowing down the rate of fatty desposits forming
79
What are the different parts of a cell called?
Sub cellular structures
80
Describe the red blood cells?
Carry oxygen from lungs to body, biockncabe disc (large surface area), no nucleus so can carry more oxygen, haemoglobin binds to oxygen
81
What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?
Don't work as well as natural hearts, infection, blood doesn't flow through smoothly, can cause blood clotts
82
Describe root hair cells?
Function to absorb water and minerals from soil, hair like projections to increase surface area
83
What are artificial hearts?
Mechanical devices, pump blood for someone's heart that's failed, keep person alive while waiting for donor heart
84
What is active transport?
Moving from lower concentration to a higher concentration
85
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
86
Function of chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll absorb light for photosynthesis
87
How does a tumor form?
From the unctrolled growth and division of cells which results in the formations of tumors
88
What is a tumour?
Mass of cells
89
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Animal and plant
90
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria cell
91
What is the concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration
92
What is a malignant tumor?
Grows and spreads, cells spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, invade healthy tissues, cancerous
93
What does Benedicts test for?
Tests for sugar, original colour is blue, placed in water bath, if sugar/glucose is present it turns brick red
94
What is an artificial pacemaker?
Device with a wire leading to the heart, electric current keeps heart beating regularly
95
What is cardiovascular disease?
Diseases of the heart or blood cells
96
What can stem cells be used for in crop growing?
Stem cells can be used to grow crops of identical plants e.g if they have desired features such as disease resistant
97
How are is the risk of non communicable diseases increased?
By different risk factors interacting with each other
98
What is translocation?
Movement of dissolved sugars around a plant
99
What is cell differentiation?
When a cell becomes specialised for its job
100
When is the ability lost to differentiate in animals?
In animals the ability to differentiate is lost in the early stages as the cells become specialised
101
What is the concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas
102
Is the right side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Right side = deoxygenated
103
Is the left side of the heart oxygenated or dekxygenated?
Left= oxygenated (has a thicker muscle on the outside of theleft ventricle)
104
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
Through the lens cava
105
Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?
Through the pulmonary vein
106
Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart?
Through the aorta
107
What is the process of mitosis?
1) cell starts to divide
2) DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
3) Chromosomes line up in the center
4) One set is pulled to one side and the other set is pulled to the other side
5) The nucleus divides
6) Two daughter nuclei are produced
108
What is a vector?
Any organism that can spread a disease
109
What is a host?
A living animal or plant I which a parasite lives in or on
110
How to use a microscope?
1) Move the stage (flat ledge the specimen sits on ) down to its lowest position
2) Place slide onto the stage
3) Select lowest power objective lens
4) Turn coarse focus knob until you can see the cells
5) Turn the fine coarse knob until the cells are in focus
6) Repeat steps using higher power magnification
111
What are the human physical barriers against infection?
Mucus and cillia in the trachea. Skin. Hairs and mucus in the nose.
112
How does the skin act as a defence against infection?
Skin: when you gets cuts it immediately starts to form a scab to prevent pathogens entering, hairs
113
How does the nose fight against infection?
Internal hairs, cells in the nose produce mucus which traps pathogens, when nose is blown mucus/pathogens are removed
114
How does the trachea act as physical barrier against infection?
Libed by hairs called the cillia, ciliated cells waft their hair and move mucus and pathogens up to the throat where it's swallowed in stomach, goblet cells create mucus
115
Name the human bodys chemical non-specific defences ?
Eyes and stomach
116
How do the eyes prevent against infection?
Eyes produce tears which contain enzymes
117
How does the stomach prevents against pathogens?
Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens
118
What happens if pathogens pass the first line of defence?
They will cause an infection but the body has a second line of defence which is the immune system as a part of this there are phagocytes and lymphocytes
119
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water ---- sunlight-----
Glucose + oxygen
120
Why did the student think the bread tasted sweet?
Bread contains starch, starch is broken down into sugar by amalyse
121
What leaf tissue contains the most chloroplasts?
Palisade layer/mesophyll
122
What part of the plant is the palisade layer/mesophyll?
Leaf tissue
123
What leaf tissue contains many air spaces?
Spongy mesophyll/layer
124
What is the function of thd slime capsule?
Provide protection
125
Is the slime capsule in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic
126
What are the features of alveoli that maximise gas exchange?
-Large surface area
-One cell thick walls
-Efficient blood supply
127
How does a reduced amount of blood affect the body?
Less aerobic respiration so less energy released so less muscle contraction
128
How to remember the use of Benedicts solution?
BENidicts=glucose
Ben's cookies
129
What does buriet test for?
Protein
130
What needs to happen to Benedicts solution for it to work?
Needs to be heated
131
How do you remember that veins have valves?
(V)eins have (V)alves
The V
132
What does lipase break down?
Breaks down fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerols
133
What is the function of bile?
☆Change the PH
☆Emulsifies fat so it has a large surface area and so it can then be digested
134
What does protein break down into?
Protein ---> Protease ---> Amino acids
135
What tests for protein?
Buriet
136
What colour does buriet turn if protein is present?
Purple
137
What is used to test for fats?
Ethanol
138
What colour does ethanol turn if fats are present?
Cloudy white
139
What colour does benedicts turn if sugar is present?
Brick red
140
What tests for starch?
Iodine
141
What colour does iodine turn if starch is present?
Blue-black
142
What is the function of the large intestine?
Reabsorb water
143
What is the function of chlorophyll?
Absorbs light energy which is needed for photosynthesis, gives plant green pigment found inside chloroplasts
144
How does a high level of TMV infection reduce plant growth?
Less chlorophyll so less glucose, starch and protein is made
145
Why does the iodine solution not change colour at 80.c?
Enzyme is denatured sp enzyme stops working/ substrate becomes denatured so no longer fits into the active site
146
Why does a blockage in the coronary arteries cause cells to die?
Less blood flows through to the heart so less oxygen reaches the heart muscles,cells,tissues
147
What do stents do?
Open up arteries which allows more blood+oxygen can flow through
148
Why does our breathing rate increase when active?
Get more oxygen into blood for use in respiration/remove carbon dioxide produced in respiration
149
What are the different ways of measuring the effect of exercise on the body?
▪︎Heart/pulse rate
▪︎Volume of breathing
▪︎Volume of sweat
▪︎Body temperature
▪︎Rate of breathing
150
How does smoking affect the body?
•Increased blood pressure
•Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
•Develop lung disease like asthma
151
Why do red blood cells burst but not a plant cell?
Plant cell has cell wall preventing it from bursting
152
What are the differences between red blood cells and plant cells?
Red blood cell has no nucleus+plant cell has no nucleus, red blood cell has a bioconcave disk+plant cells are different shapes, red blood cells contain haemoglobin, red blood cells are much smaller
153
Similarities between red blood cells and plant cells?
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, pigments (don't refer to ribosomes,mitochondria etc)
154
How can you improve an investigation?
Repeat and calculate a mean
Repeat and eliminate annomalies
155
What are some aseptic techniques needed for the growing bacteria rqp?
☆Sterilise equipment
☆Sterilise surfaces
☆Use sterilised agar
☆Secure lid of petri dish with tape
156
157
How to improve the bacteria growing rqp?
~Use different types of bacteria
~Use a control disc
~Repeat and calculate a mean
158
What is the financial impact of obesity on the UK economy?
-Cost to NHS, cost to government because they need to pay for medication/hospital stay
-Time of work because government/employer have to give financial support
159
What health conditions can develop if a person eats a diet high in fats?
●Cardiovascular disease
●Heart attack
●Stroke
●Coronary heart disease
160
What does iodine test for?
Starch, if present it turns blue black
161
What is the function of the large intestine?
Reabsorbs water
162
Why are there no cases of skin cancer in under 15's?
Had little exposure to carcinogens so less cell damage
163
164
What is the function of chlorophyll?
Absorbs light for energy which is needed for photosynthesis, gives plants green pigment,
165
Where is chlorophyll in plants?
Inside chloroplasts
166
Effects on a person with a leaky heart valve?
~Some blood would flow back into ventricle so less oxygenated blood pumped to body
~Cells require oxygen for respiration so person becomes out of breath
167
What tests for sugar?
Benedicts, needs heat
168
What colour does benedicts turn for the presence of sugar?
From blue to brick red
169
What tests for starch?
Iodine
170
What tests for protein?
Buriet
171
What colour does buriet turn if protein is present?
From blue to purple
172
How do you test for fats?
Ethanol
173
What colour does ethanol turn if fats are present?
From clear to cloudy/milky white
174
What health conditions develop diet is high in saturated fats?
•Cardiovascular disease
•Heart attack
•Stroke
•Coronary heart disease
175
Financial impact of obesity on UK economy?
-Cost to government as need to pay for hospital stay/medication
-Time off work, government/employer have to give financial support
176
How to improve bacteria growing, required practical?
•Use different types of bacteria
•Use a control disc
•Repeat and calculate a mean
177
Different ways of measuring effect of exercise on the body?
°Heart/pulse rate
°Volume of breathing
°Volume of sweat
°Body temp
°Rate of breathing
178
What does protein break down into?
Protease
179
What does protease break down into?
Amino acids
180
Why is data given so per 100,000 etc population?
○Account for different group sizes like the different numbers of males/females
181
What is light needed for in photosynthesis?
To transfer energy NOT CREATE ENERGY
182
How can you improve an investigation?
○Repeat and calculate a mean
○Repeat and eliminate anomalies
183
What are some aseptic techniques- agar bacteria RQP?
*Sterilise equipment
*Sterilise surfaces
*Secure lid of petri dish with tape
184
What do stents do?
Open up arteries by blowing up the balloon, this allows more and blood+oxygen can flow through
185
What happens to cells when there is a blockage in a coronary artery?
Cells die because less blood flows through to the heart so less oxygen reaches the heart/muscles
186
In an investigation, at 80.c the iodine stayed blue black, why?
Enzyme is denatured so enzyme stops working/ substrate no longer fits into active site
187
188
Why does breathing rate increase when your active?
-Get more oxygen into the blood for use in respiration
-Remove carbon dioxide produced in respirstion
189
How can you make accurate measurements in the pondweed RQP?
☆Leave pondweed in light for a few mins before taking measurements (equlibriate)
☆Use gas syringe/measuring cylinder to measure gas produced
☆Use stopwatch
☆Repeat to calculate a mean
190
In digestion what is the enzyme?
Protein molecule that has an active site
191
Give an example of a substrate?
Starch for amalyse or lipids for fats
192
What is differentiation?
Cell changes to become specialised
193
What is specialisation?
Resulting state of a cell with unique structures and functions
194
Differences between structure of a red blood cell and plant cell?
°Red blood cell has no nucleus
°Red blood cells has a bio concave disk
°Red blood cells have haemoglobin
°Plant cells are different shapes
195
Similarities between Red blood cells and plant cells?
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, pigmented
196
Why do red blood cells burst in water but not plant cells?
▪︎Water enters by osmosis/diffusion
▪︎Plant cell has a cell wall which prevents it from bursting
197
How does smoking affect the body?
¤Increases blood pressure
¤Risk of lung cancer
¤Lung disease:asthma
¤Increases risk of cardiovascular disease
198
What does lipase break fats and old into?
Fatty acids and glycerols
199
What is the function of bile?
Changes the PH, emulsifies fat so it has a large SA so it can be digested
200
How to remember veins have valves?
'V'eins have 'V'alves
201
What does benedicts need?
Heat
202
How to remember that benedicts solution is for sugar/glucose?
Benedicts the first letters are Ben like Ben's cookies
203
How does a reduced amount of blood affect the body?
Less aerobic respiration so less energy released so less muscle contraction
204
What are the features of alveoli that maximise gas exchange?
☆Large surface area
☆One cell thick walls
☆Efficient blood supply
205
What is the function of the slime capsule?
Provide protection
206
Is a slime capsule found in a eukaryote or prokaryote?
Prokaryote
207
What does the spongy mesophyll contain?
Many air spaces
208
What type of tissue is the spongy mesophyll?
A leaf tissue
209
What part of the plant contains the most chloroplasts?
Palisade layer/mesophyll
210
What type of the tissue is the palisade layer ?
Leaf tissue
211
Why did the student think the bread tasted sweet?
Bread contains starch, starch is broken down into sugar by amalyse
212
What is starch broken down into?
Sugar
213
What is sugar broken down into?
Amalyse
214
Where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart?
Pulmonary artery
215
How do you find thd magnification used?
Eyepiece x magnification
216
How do you find the magnification if an image?
Size of image
---------------------
Real size
217
What provides the most energy during mitosis?
The mitochondria
218
Why is mitosis important?
It repairs tissues
219
What factors increase diffusion?
Happens quicker at a high temp or if there is a large concentration gradient
220
What is a turgid cell?
Water moves in
221
What is a flaccid cell?
Water moves in and out at same rate, happens when placed in a solution with the same concentration
222
What is a plasmolysed cell?
Water leaves, happens when placed in a low concentration of water
223
How do you find ratio?
Surface area ÷ volume
224
How does water enter root hair cells?
By osmosis
225
How do minerals enter root hair cells?
By active transport
226
Factors that increase transpiration?
Temperature
Air movement/wind
Light intensity/photosynthesis
227
How does temperature increase transpiration?
Molecular movement increases leading to water evaporation
228
How does wind/air movement increase transpiration?
Removes water vapour from leaf surfaces, water has to diffuse to keep a high concentration gradient
229
How does light intensity and photosynthesis increase transpiration?
Stomata opens so water diffuses out
230
What decreases transpiration?
Humidity
231
How does humidity decrease transpiration?
Reduces concentration molecules outside the leaf
232
What are 3 adaptations of a cactus?
☆Reduced number of stomata
☆Thick cuticle
☆Spikes instead of leaves
233
Why do cactus have a reduced number of stomata?
To reduce water loss
234
Why do cactus have a thick cuticle?
To reduce water loss by evaporation
235
Why do cactus have spikes instead of leaves?
To reduce water loss
236
What does protease break down and where is it found?
Proteins, salivary glands and pancreas
237
What does carbohydrase break down and where it's found?
Carbohydrates, stomach and pancreas
238
What does lipase break down and where is it found?
Fats and oils, pancreas
239
Function of the small intestine?
Has enzymes to break up food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream and carried around the body
240
What are some adaptations of thd small intestine?
-Villi to increase surface area
-Very long so enough time for food absorption
241
Order from largest to smallest: organism, cell, organ system, organ, cell?
Organism
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cell
242
Order these in size: gene, cell, chromosome, nucleus?
Gene
Chromosome
Nucleus
Cell
243
Define an organism?
Group of organ systems working together
244
Define an organ system?
Group of organs working to perform a specific function
245
What is an organ?
Group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
246
What is a tissue?
Group of cells with similar structure and function
247
What is a cell?
Smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
248
What type of organ is the digestive system?
Organ system
249
Where is bile made?
In the liver
250
Where is bile stored?
In the gall bladder
251
252
What does the size of the lumen affect?
Blood pressure and flow
253
What is the size of the lumen in arteries and veins?
Artery = small lumen
Vein = large lumen
254
How does the gills in fish work?
Water us taken into fishes mouth, passes over the gills (gas exchange happens) and leaves under the operculum
255
Adaptations of fish gills?
•Large surface area of gills
•Large surface area of blood capillaries in each gill filament
•counter current flow so exchange more efficient
256
What is respiration?
Chemical process to release energy from glucose so cells can perform functions
257
Define metabolism?
All the chemical reactions that happen in an organism
258
How much energy is released from aerobic respiration?
Large amount
259
How much energy is released from anaerobic respiration?
Small amount but quickly
