Everything Biolgy Flashcards
What are the advantages of statins?
Reduce risk of coronary heart disease and strokes, increase the amount of good ‘HDL’ cholestrol
What is transpiration?
Loss of water from a plant
What is needed for asexual reproduction?
Genetically identical clones, produced from mitosis
What happens in the mitochondria?
Most of the reactions for aerobic respiration
What are the stages before mitosis?
Cell cycle
Cell grows
Further growth
DNA checked for errors
Mitosis
Why are the advantages of electron microscopes?
Electrons form image, much higher magnification
Define the term, risk factor?
Risk factor= linked to an increase in the likeliness that a person will develop a certain disease
What is the link between surface area to volume ratio?
How easily stuff moves between an organism and it’s environment depends on its surface area to volume ratio
What is a communicable disease?
Communicable= person to person
What is a non communicable disease?
Can’t be spread
What are the human costs of non communicable diseases?
Lower quality of life, shorter life span
What are blood tests used for?
Diagnose things in the body not just blood disorders as blood transports so many chemicals produced by organs
What happens if the heart valves are faulty?
Valve tissue stiffens so doesn’t open properly, leaky so blood doesn’t flow effectively
How can faulty heart valves be replaced?
Replaced biologically or mechanically
What is the function of sperm?
Function is to fertilise an egg,
What features does a sperm have to make it efficient?
Long tail to swim to egg, head contains enzymes to make a hole in the egg (digests the egg cell membrane), large amount of mitochondria for movement
What does a lack of platelets cause?
Cause bruises and excessive bleeding
Where are embryos from that are used in research?
Usually unwanted embryos from fertility clinics
What does a higher temperature cause in terms of diffusion?
Speeds up diffusion because particles have more energy
Name some risk factors associated with life?
Smoking, obesity, viral infections are risk factors associated with life
Describe the features of arteries?
Carry blood away from heart (except pulmonary artery), under high pressure, thick walls, no valves, thick muscle layer
What is a benign tumor?
Tumor grows until no more room, stays in one place, non cancerous
What happens in the cytoplasm?
Most chemical reactions
What is the cell membrane?
Holds cell together, controls what goes in and out
What is the resting heart rate controlled by?
Group of cells in right atrium that act as pacemakers
What do the pacemakers do?
Cells produce electrical impulses to muscle cells causing them to contract
When does the most amount of differentiation occur in an organism?
Most differentation occurs as an organism develops
What is resolution?
Ability to see two different points without them being merged
Features of white blood cells?
Defend against infection, have nucleus, engulf pathogens (phagocytes), produced antibodies (lymphocytes)
What is the function of the cell wall and whats it made from?
Made of cellulose, supports and strengthens cell
Describe the veins?
Have valves (keep blood flow in correct direction), carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein), low pressure, thin walls
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to take in oxygen, blood returns to heart
Describe the phloem?
Function is to carry glucose around plant, have sieve plates, requires energy, companion cells, regulate functions as have no nucleus
Describe the xylem?
Physical process, function to carry water and minerals, cell walls toughened by lignin, water drawn from xylem to replace water lost by leaves, consists of dead cells
What is the permanent vacuole?
Filled with cell sap, keeps cell turgid
What happens in the ribosomes?
Proteins are made in the ribosomes
What are the advantages of an artificial heart?
Less likely to be rejected, body doesn’t recognise as foreign
What is diffusion?
Spreading of particles from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is the area where no bacteria has grown called?
Zone of inhibition
Name a fungal disease?
Rose black spot
Name a protist disease?
Malaria
Name a virus?
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), measles
Name a bacteria disease?
Salmonella
Function of the platelets?
Help blood collect, small fragments of cells, no nucleus
Where are adults stem cells found?
In the bone marrow
What does iodine test for?
Starch and if starch is present it will turn blue/black
Describe the nerve?
Carry electrical signals, long to cover long distances, branched connections to other nerves, insulated to enhance electrical signal transmission
How to prepare a slide to look at under a microscope?
1) place thinnest layer of onion on slide
2) stain with a dye (iodine)
3) place another slide ontop
(Tilt and lower the top slide to prevent air bubbles)
What do stents do?
Open arteries up
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Blood clotts, infection from surgery, complications during operation such as a heart attack
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Blood clotts, infection from surgery, complications during operation such as a heart attack
Why are stem cells not rejected?
Cells contain the same genes
What happens to the rate of diffusion if the concentration gradient is bigger?
The bigger the concentration the faster the diffusion
Describe plasma?
Carries everything in the blood: red, white blood cells, platelets, CO2, urea, hormones, proteins, glucose, amino acids
What does the light microscope enable us to see?
See individual cells and subcellular structures
What is coronary heart disease caused by?
Caused by coronary arteries getting blocked by layers of fatty material building up, so less blood and oxygen is supplied to the heart
Written equation for aerobic respiration in all organisms?
Glucose + oxygen ——– carbon dioxide + water
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration in all organisms?
C6 H12 O6 + O2 ——- CO2 + H2O
What is the function of the heart valves?
Make sure blood flows in correct direction, prevent backflow
Where are the stem cells found in plants?
Found in the meristems
Anaerobic respiration written equation in fermentation/bread and alchol?
Glucose ——- ethanol + carbon dioxide
Whar are the cells that differentiate in mature animals used for?
Used for repairing and replacing cells
Written equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose ——- lactic acid
What is an antigen?
Molecule on surface of pathogen, triggers white blood cells to produce antibodies
What is the advantages of replacing a heart valve?
Less drastic
What is a disadvantage of replacing a heart valve?
Major surgery so blood clotts can occur
What is a disadvantage of replacing a heart valve?
Major surgery so blood clotts can occur
What are undifferentiated cells called?
Stem cells
What is osmosis?
Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from high to low water concentration
What happens to cells when they change?
When cells change they develop subcellular structures, turn into different types of cells allowing them to carry out specific functions
Describe the capillaries ?
Connect arteries and veins, found really close to cells to exchange materials, one cell thick walls, take away waste
Describe the muscle cells?
Function to contact quickly, long so there is space to contract, lots of mitochondria to make energy needed for contraction
Function of the left ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood around the body, blood gives all oxygen to body, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart ❤️
What does buret test for?
Tests for proteins, original colour is blue, if protein present it turns purple
Why do body cells have two copies of each chromosome?
Body cells have twk copies of each chromosome because one from father and one from mother
Why are stem cells from embryos grown in labs?
Stem cells from embryos are grown in labs to produce clones (genetically identical) which are made to differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or research
What are the disadvantages of statins?
Long term, need to be taken regularly, people could forget, takes time for effect to happen, side effects: kidney failure, headaches
What do statins do?
Lower cholesterol, too much ‘bad’ cholesterol (LDL) causes fatty deposits to form inside arteries, statins reduce bad cholesterol slowing down the rate of fatty desposits forming
What are the different parts of a cell called?
Sub cellular structures
Describe the red blood cells?
Carry oxygen from lungs to body, biockncabe disc (large surface area), no nucleus so can carry more oxygen, haemoglobin binds to oxygen
What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?
Don’t work as well as natural hearts, infection, blood doesn’t flow through smoothly, can cause blood clotts
Describe root hair cells?
Function to absorb water and minerals from soil, hair like projections to increase surface area
What are artificial hearts?
Mechanical devices, pump blood for someone’s heart that’s failed, keep person Alice while waiting for donor heart
What is active transport?
Moving from lower concentration to a higher concentration
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
Function of chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll absorb light for photosynthesis
How does a tumor form?
From the unctrolled growth and division of cells which results in the formations of tumors
What is a tumour?
Mass of cells
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Animal and plant
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria cell
What is the concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration
What is a malignant tumor?
Grows and spreads, cells spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, invade healthy tissues, cancerous
What does Benedicts test for?
Tests for sugar, original colour is blue, placed in water bath, if sugar/glucose is present it turns brick red
What is an artificial pacemaker?
Device with a wire leading to the heart, electric current keeps heart beating regularly
What is cardiovascular disease?
Diseases of the heart or blood cells
What can stem cells be used for in crop growing?
Stem cells can be used to grow crops of identical plants e.g if they have desired features such as disease resistant
How are is the risk of non communicable diseases increased?
By different risk factors interacting with each other
What is translocation?
Movement of dissolved sugars around a plant
What is cell differentiation?
When a cell becomes specialised for its job
When is the ability lost to differentiate in animals?
In animals the ability to differentiate is lost in the early stages as the cells become specialised
What is the concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas
Is the right side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Right side = deoxygenated
Is the left side of the heart oxygenated or dekxygenated?
Left= oxygenated (has a thicker muscle on the outside of theleft ventricle)
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
Through the lens cava
Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?
Through the pulmonary vein
Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart?
Through the aorta
What is the process of mitosis?
1) cell starts to divide
2) DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
3) Chromosomes line up in the center
4) One set is pulled to one side and the other set is pulled to the other side
5) The nucleus divides
6) Two daughter nuclei are produced
What is a vector?
Any organism that can spread a disease
What is a host?
A living animal or plant I which a parasite lives in or on
How to use a microscope?
1) Move the stage (flat ledge the specimen sits on ) down to its lowest position
2) Place slide onto the stage
3) Select lowest power objective lens
4) Turn coarse focus knob until you can see the cells
5) Turn the fine coarse knob until the cells are in focus
6) Repeat steps using higher power magnification
What are the human physical barriers against infection?
Mucus and cillia in the trachea. Skin. Hairs and mucus in the nose.
How does the skin act as a defence against infection?
Skin: when you gets cuts it immediately starts to form a scab to prevent pathogens entering, hairs
How does the nose fight against infection?
Internal hairs, cells in the nose produce mucus which traps pathogens, when nose is blown mucus/pathogens are removed
How does the trachea act as physical barrier against infection?
Libed by hairs called the cillia, ciliated cells waft their hair and move mucus and pathogens up to the throat where it’s swallowed in stomach, goblet cells create mucus
Name the human bodys chemical non-specific defences ?
Eyes and stomach
How do the eyes prevent against infection?
Eyes produce tears which contain enzymes
How does the stomach prevents against pathogens?
Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens
What happens if pathogens pass the first line of defence?
They will cause an infection but the body has a second line of defence which is the immune system as a part of this there are phagocytes and lymphocytes
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water —- sunlight—–
Glucose + oxygen
Why did the student think the bread tasted sweet?
Bread contains starch, starch is broken down into sugar by amalyse
What leaf tissue contains the most chloroplasts?
Palisade layer/mesophyll
What part of the plant is the palisade layer/mesophyll?
Leaf tissue
What leaf tissue contains many air spaces?
Spongy mesophyll/layer
What is the function of thd slime capsule?
Provide protection
Is the slime capsule in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic
What are the features of alveoli that maximise gas exchange?
-Large surface area
-One cell thick walls
-Efficient blood supply
How does a reduced amount of blood affect the body?
Less aerobic respiration so less energy released so less muscle contraction
How to remember the use of Benedicts solution?
BENidicts=glucose
Ben’s cookies
What does buriet test for?
Protein
What needs to happen to Benedicts solution for it to work?
Needs to be heated
How do you remember that veins have valves?
(V)eins have (V)alves
The V
What does lipase break down?
Breaks down fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerols
What is the function of bile?
☆Change the PH
☆Emulsifies fat so it has a large surface area and so it can then be digested
What does protein break down into?
Protein —> Protease —> Amino acids
What tests for protein?
Buriet
What colour does buriet turn if protein is present?
Purple
What is used to test for fats?
Ethanol
What colour does ethanol turn if fats are present?
Cloudy white
What colour does benedicts turn if sugar is present?
Brick red
What tests for starch?
Iodine
What colour does iodine turn if starch is present?
Blue-black
What is the function of the large intestine?
Reabsorb water
What is the function of chlorophyll?
Absorbs light energy which is needed for photosynthesis, gives plant green pigment found inside chloroplasts
How does a high level of TMV infection reduce plant growth?
Less chlorophyll so less glucose, starch and protein is made
Why does the iodine solution not change colour at 80.c?
Enzyme is denatured sp enzyme stops working/ substrate becomes denatured so no longer fits into the active site
Why does a blockage in the coronary arteries cause cells to die?
Less blood flows through to the heart so less oxygen reaches the heart muscles,cells,tissues
What do stents do?
Open up arteries which allows more blood+oxygen can flow through
Why does our breathing rate increase when active?
Get more oxygen into blood for use in respiration/remove carbon dioxide produced in respiration
What are the different ways of measuring the effect of exercise on the body?
▪︎Heart/pulse rate
▪︎Volume of breathing
▪︎Volume of sweat
▪︎Body temperature
▪︎Rate of breathing
How does smoking affect the body?
•Increased blood pressure
•Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
•Develop lung disease like asthma
Why do red blood cells burst but not a plant cell?
Plant cell has cell wall preventing it from bursting
What are the differences between red blood cells and plant cells?
Red blood cell has no nucleus+plant cell has no nucleus, red blood cell has a bioconcave disk+plant cells are different shapes, red blood cells contain haemoglobin, red blood cells are much smaller
Similarities between red blood cells and plant cells?
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, pigments (don’t refer to ribosomes,mitochondria etc)
How can you improve an investigation?
Repeat and calculate a mean
Repeat and eliminate annomalies
What are some aseptic techniques needed for the growing bacteria rqp?
☆Sterilise equipment
☆Sterilise surfaces
☆Use sterilised agar
☆Secure lid of petri dish with tape
How to improve the bacteria growing rqp?
~Use different types of bacteria
~Use a control disc
~Repeat and calculate a mean
What is the financial impact of obesity on the UK economy?
-Cost to NHS, cost to government because they need to pay for medication/hospital stay
-Time of work because government/employer have to give financial support
What health conditions can develop if a person eats a diet high in fats?
●Cardiovascular disease
●Heart attack
●Stroke
●Coronary heart disease
