Infection and response

Question 1

Define pathogen

Answer 1

• Microorganisms that can enter the body and cause communicable disease

Question 2

List the types of pathogen

Answer 2

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Protist

Question 3

What are bacteria

Answer 3

• Very small cells which can reproduce rapidly within your body

Question 4

What are viruses

Answer 4

• Viruses are not cells but can also reproduce rapidly within your body

Question 5

What are protists

Answer 5

• Single-celled eukaryotes, sometimes parasites

Question 6

What are fungi

Answer 6

• Unicellular or multicellular organisms that spread through spores

Question 7

Explain the ways in which pathogens can spread

Answer 7

• Water - drinking or bathing in it
• Air - breathed in
• Direct contact - touching contaminated surfaces

Question 8

List the required pathogens and what category of pathogen they fall under (7)

Answer 8

Viruses
- Measles
- HIV
- Tobacco mosaic virus
Fungi
- Rose black spot
Protist
- Malaria
Bacteria
- Salmonella
- Gonorrhoea

Question 9

How does measles spread

Answer 9

• Through tiny droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

Question 10

Symptoms of measles

Answer 10

• Red skin rash and a fever

Question 11

How can you prevent measles

Answer 11

• Vaccination

Question 12

How does HIV spread

Answer 12

• Sexual contact or by exchanging body fluids such as blood

Question 13

Symptoms of HIV

Answer 13

• flu-like symptoms for a few weeks, then normally the carrier does not have any symptoms for several years

Question 14

How does HIV damage the people it infects

Answer 14

• Attacks immune cells

Question 15

How can you prevent HIV

Answer 15

• Antiretroviral drugs

Question 16

What does tobacco mosaic virus affect

Answer 16

• Many species of plant (not just tobacco you dumbass, don’t you dare mark this as 5 I know you thought tobacco)

Question 17

Symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 17

• Causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves
• Leaves become discoloured

Question 18

How does tobacco mosaic virus damage the plants it affects

Answer 18

• The discolouration it causes reduces photosynthesis so growth of the plant is slowed

Question 19

Symptoms of rose black spot

Answer 19

• Black spots on rose plant leaves
• The leaves can later become yellow and drop off

Question 20

How does rose black spot damage the plant it affects

Answer 20

• The black spots and yellow leaves make less photosynthesis happen so growth is affected negatively

Question 21

How does rose black spot spread

Answer 21

• Through the environment via water or wind

Question 22

How can rose black spot be prevented

Answer 22

• Treatment with fungicides
• Stripping and destroying the affected leaves to prevent further spread

Question 23

How does malaria spread

Answer 23

• Via a vector (mosquito) inserting the protist into the bloodstream through feeding

Question 24

Symptoms of malaria

Answer 24

• Repeating and possibly fatal fever episodes

Question 25

How can you prevent the spread of malaria

Answer 25

• Preventing mosquito breeding
• Protection from mosquitos via insecticides or mosquito nets

Question 26

Symptoms of salmonella

Answer 26

• Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

Question 27

What causes the symptoms of salmonella

Answer 27

• Toxins release by the bacteria

Question 28

How can you get salmonella

Answer 28

• Eating food contaminated with salmonella, e.g. eating chicken that caught salmonella while alive or eating food that has been contaminated during preparation

Question 29

How can salmonella be prevented

Answer 29

• Vaccinating poultry to control the spread of the disease

Question 30

How can you get gonorrhoea

Answer 30

• Unprotected sex

Question 31

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 31

• Pain when urinating
• Thick green or yellow discharge from genitals

Question 32

How can gonorrhoea be prevented

Answer 32

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