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Biology > Cell Biology (Paper 1) > Flashcards

Cell Biology (Paper 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal cells subcellular structures

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
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2
Q

Plant cell extra subcellular structures

A
  • Rigid cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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3
Q

Bacteria subcellular structures

A
  • DNA contained within a single circular strand
  • May also contain one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
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4
Q

How do light microscopes work

A
  • They use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it
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5
Q

How do electron microscopes work

A
  • They use electrons instead of light to form an image
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6
Q

What can light microscopes see

A
  • Large subcellular structures
  • Individual cells
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7
Q

What can electron microscopes see

A
  • The internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • Smaller subcellular structures such as plasmids and ribosomes
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8
Q

Calculation for magnification

A

Magnification = image size / real size

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9
Q

Define differentiation

A
  • The process by which a cell changes to become specialized for its job
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10
Q

What happens in differentiation

A
  • Cells develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells which allows them to carry out specific functions
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11
Q

When does differentiation happen in animals and plants

A
  • Animals - The ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage after specialization
  • Mature animals - Differentiation only occurs for the repair and replacement of cells such as skin or blood cells
  • Plants - lots of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life
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12
Q

Sperm cell specialisation

A
  • Long tail and streamlined head to help it swim
  • Lots of mitochondria to give it the energy to swim
  • Enzymes in the head to digest through the egg cell membrane
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13
Q

Nerve cell specialization

A
  • long to cover more distance
  • Have branched connections to form a large network across the body
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14
Q

Muscle cell specialization

A
  • Long fibers so they have space to contract
  • lots of mitochondria so they have energy to contract well
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15
Q

Root hair cell specialization

A
  • Long projections to increase surface area to absorb mineral ions and water better
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16
Q

Xylem and phloem specialisation

A
  • To form tubes cells are joined end to end
  • Xylem cells are hollow in the center to allow things to flow through it
  • Phloem cells have very little sub cellular structures to allow things to flow through them
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17
Q

What are chromosomes

A
  • Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules contained within the nucleus
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18
Q

What is the cell cycle

A
  • When body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells
19
Q

Why do cells undergo mitosis

A
  • For growth
  • To replace damaged cells
20
Q

What happens in growth and DNA replication stage within the cell cycle

A
  • The cell must grow and increase the amount of sub cellular structures like mitochondria and ribosomes
  • The DNA is duplicated and forms x shaped Chromosomes
21
Q

What happens in the mitosis stage within the cell cycle

A
  • The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell and the cell fibers pull them apart
  • Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the two new cells
  • The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide
  • The two daughter cells are identical
22
Q

What happens during binary fission

A
  • The circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  • The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell
  • The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
  • The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced, they will have the same circular strand of DNA but varying amount s of plasmids
23
Q

What factors can increase the speed of binary fission

A
  • Warm environment
  • Lots of nutrients
24
Q

What are lab grown bacteria grown in

A
  • Culture medium
25
Q

What is a culture medium

A
  • A medium which contains the correct resources for optimum bacteria growth
26
Q

List culture mediums

A
  • Nutrient broth solution
  • Agar jelly
27
Q

What temperature are bacteria typically cultured at in schools and why

A
  • Below 25 C as harmful pathogens are likely to grow at this temperature
28
Q

What temperature are bacteria typically cultured at in industrial situations and why

A
  • Above 25 C as the bacteria will grow faster
29
Q

Define inhibition zone

A
  • A clear are left behind due bacteria dying from contact with an antibiotic
30
Q

How to sterilize equipment

A
  • Heating at a high temperature
31
Q

Where can stem cells be found in humans

A
  • Early embryos
  • Bone marrow
32
Q

How can stem cells be used to treat disease

A
  • Bone marrow transfer
  • Replace faulty cells
33
Q

Arguments against stem cell research

A
  • Human embryos have potential for life so shouldn’t be experimented on
34
Q

Arguments for stem cell research (2)

A
  • Treating suffering patients is more important than the rights of embryos
  • Embryos in research are traditionally unwanted ones from fertility clinics that would be destroyed anyway
35
Q

Where and when can stem cells be found in plants

A
  • In the meristem
  • The entire duration of a cells life
36
Q

How can stem cells be used with plants

A
  • To clone entire plants quickly and cheaply
  • Grow mass batches of plants with certain characteristics e.g. disease resistance
37
Q

Define diffusion

A
  • Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
38
Q

Factors affecting diffusion rate

A
  • Concentration Gradient
  • Temperature
  • Surface area
39
Q

What substances traditionally pass through a partially permeable membrane of a cell

A
  • Oxygen
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Water
40
Q

Define Osmosis

A
  • Net movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
41
Q

Define active transport

A
  • Substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentrations, across a partially permeable membrane. This process requires energy produced from cell respiration.
42
Q

Uses of diffusion in the body

A
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing between cells in gas exchange
  • Urea diffusing from cells to blood plasma for removal from the body by kidneys
43
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in the lungs

A
  • The alveoli

Biology (6 decks)

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