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Biology revision > Infection and response > Flashcards

Infection and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Communicable diseases are …

A

spread by pathogens.

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2
Q

Pathogens are microorganisms that …

A

cause disease.

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3
Q

Pathogens may be:

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
protists

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4
Q

Bacteria … inside the body

A

reprduce

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5
Q

bacteria produce and release … into the body to make us feel ill

A

toxins

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6
Q

Viruses reproduce inside …

and cause damage to it to make us feel ill

A

cells

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7
Q

Viral diseases include:

A

1) measles and HIV in animals.

2) tobacco mosaic virus in plants.

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8
Q

Bacterial diseases include:

A

salmonella and gonorrhoea.

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9
Q

Malaria is caused by …

A

Protist

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10
Q

Malaria is spread by …

A

Mosquitos

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11
Q

Rose black spot is a … disease affecting plants.

A

fungal

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12
Q

Non-specific defenses are … defenses against pathogen

A

generic

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13
Q

Non-specific defenses include:

A

skin, nose, stomach acid and cilia and

mucus.

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14
Q

Specific defenses include:

A

immune system

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15
Q

the immune systems use 3 techniques:

A

Eating the pathogen/phagocytosis

neutralising the toxins with anti-toxins

antibody production.

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16
Q

Vaccines contain … or … pathogens

A

Dead, weakened

17
Q

Vaccination prevents illness by causing a … immune response to pathogens.

A

rapid

18
Q

vaccines help prevent illness by … the immune system on how … a pathogen

A

teaching, defeat

19
Q

Transmission of pathogens can be reduced by … a large amount of the population

A

vaccinating

20
Q

Painkillers only treat …

A

symptoms

21
Q

Antibiotics only kill …

A

bacteria

22
Q

Antibiotics do not kill

A

Viruses since they are in a cell

23
Q

New drugs have been extracted from … and …

A

plants, microorganisms

24
Q

The heart drug ‘Digitalis’ comes from …

A

foxgloves.

25
Q

The pain killer ‘Aspirin’ comes from the … tree.

A

willow

26
Q

Penicillin comes from the … mold

A

penicillium mold.

27
Q

New medical drugs have to be … in trials to check that they are safe, effective and of the correct dosage.

A

tested

28
Q

Preclinical testing is done in the lab using …, … and …

A

cells, tissues and animals.

29
Q

Medical trials are first tested on healthy … and then …

A

volunteers, patients.

30
Q

To reduce bias, … and … … trails are used in clinical trails

A

placebos, double blind

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