Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology revision > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do pathogens release which cause you to feel unwell ?

A

Toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does a bacterial infection cause you to feel unwell ?

A
  • Bacteria divide rapidly

- Release toxins which cause you to feel unwell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does a virus cause you to feel ill ?

A
  • viruses invade your cells and divide rapidly

- causes damage to the cells ( cells burst which causes them to die)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is the chicken pox virus spread and what are the symptoms ?

A
  • spread by direct contact

Transferred if you touch the pus that comes from the spots, caused by chicken pox

Symptoms: rash, coughing, sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is Malaria spread and what are the symptoms ?

A
  • Spread by vectors specifically mosquitos

Mosquito takes blood and microorganism ( that causes malaria from infected person

When mosquito bites another person, microorganism is transferred and they catch malaria

Symptoms: Head ache. vomiting, diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is a common cold spread and what are the symptoms ?

A
  • Spread by air droplets

If someone inhales the air droplets they become infected with the virus

Symptoms: coughing, sneezing, sore throat, headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is food poisoning spread and what are the symptoms ?

A
  • Spread by contaminated food (caused by bacteria in food)

Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhoea and muscle cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is rabies spread and what are the symptoms ?

A
  • spread by animals

If an animal infected with rabies bites you, virus enters your body through the cut when you’re bitten

Symptoms: Flu like symptoms, hallucinations, brain damage/ death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is tetanus spread and what are the symptoms ?

A
  • Transmitted if you have an open cut that touches something with the tetanus bacteria on it

or if something with the tetanus bacteria on it pierces your skin

Caused by a bacteria which lives in dirty objects ie rusty nails

Symptoms: lockjaw, spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is cholera spread and what are the symptoms ?

A
  • transmitted in dirty water or contaminated food ( caused by a bacteria)

for example if someone infected with cholera goes to the toilet in the river and then someone else drinks from the river, they may become ill

Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhoea and muscle cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is HIV spread and what are the symptoms ?

A

Spread by sexual contact ( bodily fluids ie blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk)

Symptoms: fever, chills, fatigue, muscle ache, swollen lympth nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does HIV stand for ?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the HIV virus work ?

A
  • virus enters the body
  • HIV tricks the T- cell receptors to not recognise the virus, so it can invade the cell
  • Enters the cell and releases 2 viral RNA strands and 3 essential replication enzymes
  • RNA strands transcribed into DNA and the DNA is integrated into the genome of the host cell
  • causes host cell to make more copies of the HIV, which leave host cell to seek more T-Cells to damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of cells does HIV specifically target ?

A

T- helper cells, a type of white blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are antiretroviral drugs ?

A

Slow virus down by blocking certain enzymes that are needed for virus to multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are viruses alive ?

A

Half alive and half not alive

Don’t do anything on their own, including reproducing, until they come into contact with a suitable animal or plant cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How big are viruses ?

A

They are the smallest type of microbe, smaller than bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do viruses have a nucleus ?

A

No, genetic information “floats” around inside of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Can viruses move ?

A

No, they are carried by the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a mutation ?

A

A change in the virus’ genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is it neccessary to vaccinate poultry ?

A
  • To stop humans eating contaminated chicken

- to provide herd immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does Malaria spread ( detailed explanation) ?

A

Infected mosquito bites human skin

Parasite plasmodium ( protist that causes malaria) goes to the liver

parasite can enter liver cells, reproduce and copies burst out of liver cells

Get into the bloodstream and continue reproducing

Infected red blood cells burst, infecting other blood cells

Removes capacity for carrying oxygen and causes fever and chills

Dormant version of malaria travels through host’s blood stream, waiting to be ingested by another mosquito to carry it to a new host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the tobacco mosaic virus ?

A

Widespread plant pathogen that affects approx 150 species of plant ie tobacco plant and tomato plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is the tobacco mosaic virus spread ?

A

Spread by direct contact between diseased plant and healthy plant

Spread also by vectors ie insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can the TMV virus be avoided ?

A

good field hygiene and pest control

growing TMV resistant strains of crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV virus ?

A
  • mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves
  • malformation of leaves or growing points
  • yellow spotting on leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is measles virus spread and what are the symptoms ?

A

Spread by air droplets ie from coughs and sneezes

Symptoms: fever, red skin rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the MMR vaccine prevent ?

A

Measles, mumps and rubella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can be used to treat bacteria and not viruses ?

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is the bacteria that causes salmonella spread ?

A

By ingesting contaminated food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella ?

A

Same as the symptoms of food poisoning

vomiting, diarrhoea and muscle cramps

32
Q

How is gonorrhoea transmitted ?

A

Transmitted through sexual contact ie intercourse

33
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be stopped ?

A

using a condom during intercourse

people who have unprotected sex should be tested for it so they can be treated to kill bacteria before they pass it on

34
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea ?

A

thick yellow/ green discharge from penis/ vagina

pain when urinating

35
Q

How can a person with a mild salmonella infection prevent the spread of the bacteria to others ?

A
  • don’t prepare food while infected
  • disinfect clothes/ surfaces
  • do not share utensils/ cutlery/towels
36
Q

Why would a person with AIDS take longer than a healthy person to recover from a salmonella infection ?

A
  • immune system is damaged/ weakened

- white blood cells cannot kill bacteria as effectively

37
Q

What is athlete’s foot caused by and how is it spread ?

A

Caused by a fungus

Spreads through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces ie public showers

38
Q

How can spread of athlete’s foot be prevented ?

A
  • keeping your feet clean and dry
  • not sharing towels, socks and shoes
  • not walking barefoot in public areas
39
Q

How does athlete’ s foot affect your skin ( symptoms) ?

A

Skin may become itchy, red, scaly, cracked or blistered

40
Q

How does athlete’s foot affect the growth of an organism

A

fungi called dermatophytes feed off dead skin and keratin and multiply, causing damage to the organism’s cells.

41
Q

What is keratin and what does it help form ?

A

A type of protein found on epithelial cells, which line the inside and outside surfaces of the body.

Helps form tissues of the hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin.

42
Q

What is rose black spot caused by and how is it spread ?

A

Caused by a fungus

Spread through air and water in soil

43
Q

How can spread of rose black spot be prevented ?

A

By removing affected leaves and using fungicides

44
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot ?

A

purple or black spots

leaves turn yellow and drop early

45
Q

How does rose black spot affect the growth of an organism ?

A

Reduces photosynthesis if the number of leaves of the plant decreases

46
Q

How can the spread of Malaria be prevented ?

A

By preventing mosquitos from breeding ( removing stagnant water), mosquito nets, using repellants to avoid being bitten, antimalarial medications

47
Q

How does the skin defend our body against pathogens ?

A
  • Acts as a protective barrier to stop pathogens from entering
  • Skin produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria
  • healthy skin is covered with microorganisms that act as an extra barrier to entry of pathogens
48
Q

How does your nose defend against pathogens ?

A
  • Nose is full of hairs and produces mucus

- hairs and mucus trap particles form the air that may contain pathogens or irritate lungs

49
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi defend against pathogens ?

A
  • Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus that traps pathogens from the air
  • cilia wafts mucus out of the lungs ( cilia found on lining of trachea and bronchi )
50
Q

How does the stomach defend against pathogens ?

A

Stomach produces stomach acid that destroys
microbes in the mucus you swallow and microbes in
food and drink

51
Q

What are antibodies and what do they do ?

A

A protein released by white blood cells that attaches to the surface of a pathogen

They inactivate or destroy pathogens

52
Q

What do antitoxins do ?

A

counteract the toxins produced by pathogens

53
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells ?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

54
Q

What are antigens ?

A

Unique proteins on the surface of all our body cells which act as a signature so your body can identify you

55
Q

What are memory cells ?

A

Long lived immune cells capable of recognising foreign particles they were previously exposed too

56
Q

Why are memory cells useful ?

A
  • the right antibody is made faster next time

- we won’t feel unwell if same pathogen reenters our body

57
Q

What does herd immunity mean ?

A

If the majority of a community are protected, then the disease can’t spread

58
Q

What is the difference between the first and second time your body is exposed to the same pathogen ?

A
  • first exposure, there is a lag time of 7 days before body starts to produce antibodies

( when body starts to produce antibodies there is an immune response)

  • second time body is exposed to the same pathogens, body produces antibodies straight away in a much larger quantity
59
Q

What are the symptoms of immune response ?

A

Coughing, sneezing, runny nose, fever

60
Q

How does a vaccine work ?

A
  • a weakened or dead form of the pathogen is inserted in the person’s body by injection
  • immune system recognises foreign antigens
  • causes lymphocytes to make antibodies specific to the pathogen
  • antibodies latch onto the antigens on the surface of the pathogen and inactivate it
  • phagocytes engulf pathogens
  • memory cells remember the pathogen and respond quickly when in reenters body
61
Q

Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from ?

A

foxgloves

62
Q

Where does aspirin originate from ?

A

willow trees

63
Q

What does medicine do ?

A
  • relieves symptoms of disease

- kill the pathogens

64
Q

What do bacteria need in order to grow ?

A

Nutrients, warmth and oxygen ( for respiration )

65
Q

What is the method for culturing bacteria using agar jelly ?

A

Step 1: Sterilise petri dishes, bacterial nutrient broth and agar to kill unwanted microorganisms and prevent contamination

Step 2: Sterilise innoculating loop by passing it through a flame and then use it to transfer bacteria onto the petri dish

Step 3: Attach the lid using adhesive tape to stop it from falling off and unwanted microorganisms entering

Step 4: Place agar plate upside down into an incubator. Stops moisture dripping down on bacteria and disrupting colonies

66
Q

In school laboratories what temperature is bacteria normally incubated at ? why ?

A

25 degrees celsius

To prevent chances of harmful bacteria growing

67
Q

How to find the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth ?

A

Step 1: clean working bench with disinfectant solution to kill microorganisms that could contaminate bacteria cultures

Step 2: Sterilise an innoculating loop by passing it through a flame

Step 3: Open a sterile agar gel plate near a bunsen burner flame. Flame kills bacteria in air

Step 4: Use loop to transfer bacteria onto plate

Step 5:Place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotics onto plate

Step 6: Incubate plate at 25 degrees celsius

68
Q

What is the zone of inhibition ?

A

The region around the antibiotic discs where the bacteria hasn’t grown

69
Q

How can we measure the effect of the antibiotic ?

A

Calculating area of zone of inhibition

area = pi x radius ( squared)

70
Q

What are the qualities of good medicine ?

A

Effectiveness - able to cure/ improve health

Safety - not too toxic or having unacceptable side effects

Stability - used under normal circumstances and can be stored

Successfully removed - Able to be removed after its job is done

71
Q

How does a good double blind trial work ?

A
  • patients split into groups by a random number generator. Each group has a doctor
  • One group gets a fake drug called a placebo and the other group gets the real drug
  • results published in medical journals and data is critically evaluated by scientists to stop false claims
72
Q

What does it mean by a double blind trial ?

A

Both the doctor and patients don’t know who has the placebo and who has the real drug

73
Q

What are the stages of clinical trials ?

A

Pre- clinical trial stage 0 : establishing dosage of the drug, how much you give, how often you give medicine

Stage 1: Drug is first tested on young men, not young women in case they are pregnant

Stage 2: Drug tested on patients who are very ill, experimentation with different doses of drug

  • needs lots of money and only best universities take part

Stage 3: Drug tested on thousands of patients
Must have a standardised testing regime (a protocol)

Stage 4: Follow up studies to find new uses in new patient groups, and new combinations and doses. Study report is put together and submitted to regulatory authority for approval. Other scientists peer review the journals on drug research.

74
Q

Why are clinical trials used ?

A

To establish if drug is safe and effective

75
Q

How long can the journey of drug development take ?

A

Up to 8 or even 10 years

76
Q

Why do the final results of clinical trials have to be peer reviewed before they are published ?

A

To prevent false claims

Biology revision (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions