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infection and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that can cause disease

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2
Q

how do pathogens spread

A
  • through the air
  • contaminated food and water
  • direct contact
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3
Q

how can you stop the spread of pathogens

A
  • hygiene such as washing hands and cleaning cookery items
  • kill the vectors like malaria protists
  • vaccinating the population against the pathogen
  • isolate or quarantine
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4
Q

what are viruses

A

tiny organisms that live and replicated inside another organisms cells, and then burst their host cell

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5
Q

give 3 examples of viral diseases

A
  • HIV
  • measles
  • tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
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6
Q

give 3 examples of viral diseases

A
  • HIV
  • measles
  • tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
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7
Q

how is measles spread

A

it is an airborne disease which spreads as tiny particles in the air when a person coughs or sneezes

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8
Q

what are the symptoms of measles

A
  • red rash across the body
  • fever
  • can be fatal
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9
Q

how is HIV spread

A

it is spread through sexual contact and exchanging bodily fluids (possibly by using the same needle as an infected person)

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10
Q

what does HIV do

A

it attacks the body’s immune cells and weakens the body’s immune system
- it might not directly be fatal but it makes other diseases, infections and cancers far more deadly for an infected person

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11
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV

A
  • flu like symptoms to being with (fever, tiredness and aches)
  • then their immune system weakens and they might catch other diseases
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12
Q

what is AIDS

A

the developed form of HIV

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13
Q

how can AIDS be treated

A

antiretroviral drugs that prevent the virus replicating in our body

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14
Q

what plants does TMV affect

A
  • tobacco

- tomato

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15
Q

what is the symptom of TMV

A

discoloured, mosaic patter on leaves

  • this discolouration means the leaf has less chlorophyll
  • therefore it cannot photosynthesise properly
  • stunted growth
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16
Q

how does salmonella spread

A

we can catch it from eating chicken which caught the disease while it was alive and any other food that has been contaminated by the bacteria

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A
  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
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18
Q

how can we prevent the spread of salmonella

A
  • vaccinating chickens against it

- making sure to clean our food before cooking and eating it

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19
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

A

through sexual contact (like most STDs)

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20
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A
  • pain when urinating

- think yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis

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21
Q

how can we prevent the spread of gonorrhoea

A
  • avoiding unsafe sex

- barrier method of contraception

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22
Q

how can we treat gonorrhoea

A

by using an antibiotic like penicillin

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23
Q

does does bacteria release in our body

A

toxins, which can damage our cells and are responsible for many of the symptoms of bacterial diseases

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24
Q

what are hyphae

A

long thread-like structures that multicellular fungi often have

  • they can spread through the soil
  • sometimes infect plants and human
  • hyphae can also produce spores which then grow into new fungi
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25
Q

what is rose black spot

A

a fungal disease that affects plants especially roses

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26
Q

what are the symptoms of rose black spot

A
  • purple/black spots on the leaf
  • soon turns the leaf yellow
  • leaves will fall off which reduces photosynthesis
  • stunted growth
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27
Q

how does rose black spot spread

A

it spreads in the water or by the wind

28
Q

how can we treat rose black spot

A
  • chop off all of the infected leaves (and then burn them)

- spray the plant with fungicide

29
Q

what is a parasite

A

something that lives on or inside another organism

30
Q

how are protists often spread

A

by vectors (other organisms which don’t get the disease itself)

31
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria

A
  • recurring fever and headaches
32
Q

how can we prevent the spread of malaria

A
  • reduce the number of mosquitos by destroying their breeding sites or killing them with insecticide
  • mosquito nets
  • mosquito repellent
33
Q

what are our body’s physical and chemical barriers against pathogens

A
  • our skin which secretes oils and antimicrobial substances
  • mucus and tiny hairs in our nose which traps pathogens
  • trachea which is covered in a layers of mucus and cilia (sends pathogens to our throats which we then swallow)
  • hydrochloric acid in our stomachs
  • enzymes in tears
34
Q

how does our immune system defend us against pathogens

A
  • white blood cells:
    phagocytosis which is the wbc track and bind to pathogens and then engulf them
    producing anti-toxins
    producing anti-bodies (small proteins that lock onto antigens and act as signals)
35
Q

what is inside a vaccine

A

weakened or dead pathogens which we want to be immune to

36
Q

what are the pros of vaccines

A
  • protecting from disease
  • control of common diseases
  • prevent outbreaks
37
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when enough people are vaccinated against a disease so the chance of unvaccinated people catching it are reduced too

37
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when enough people are vaccinated against a disease so the catch of unvaccinated people catching it are reduced too

38
Q

what are the cons of vaccines

A
  • don’t always work

- bad reactions (swelling, fever)

39
Q

what are the two types of medication

A
  • ones that relieve the symptoms

- ones that treat the disease

40
Q

give examples of medicines that only reduce the symptoms

A
  • aspirin
  • paracetamol
  • cough medicine
41
Q

give an example of medicine that treats the disease

A

antibiotics

42
Q

why don’t antibiotics work on viruses

A
  • they are made specially for bacteria and viruses are very different to them
  • they wouldn’t be able to find them as viruses hind in our body’s cells
43
Q

what are drugs often developed from

A

from microorganisms and plants

44
Q

give examples of drugs that come from plants or microorganisms

A
  • aspirin (a painkiller) can be found in the bark of willow trees
  • digitalis (used to treat heart problems) is developed from a chemical found in foxgloves
  • penicillin (an antibiotic) was produced by a fungus
45
Q

what 3 things do we need to keep in mind when producing drugs

A
  • efficacy (how well the drug works)
  • toxicity (how harmful is the drug + side effects)
  • dosage (how much of the drug we should give)
46
Q

what is the first stage of drug testing

A

testing on human cells and tissues which can be grown in a laboratory

  • cheaply test lots of substances
  • doesn’t tell us how it would affect an organ or organisms
47
Q

what is the second stage of drug testing

A

testing on live animals like mice and rabbits

  • as they are mammals their bodies will react similarly to ours
  • gives us a good idea about efficacy and toxicity
48
Q

what is the third stage of drug testing

A

testing on humans (clinical testing)

  • firstly by giving a low dosage to healthy volunteers
  • slowly increasing the dosage while checking for side effects
  • then on people who are actually suffering from the illness
49
Q

what is a placebo

A

look like the real drug but doesn’t actually do anything

50
Q

what is a a double-blind test

A

when neither the doctors or the patient know who is being given the placebo

  • only the scientists at the drug company know
  • for fair and valid results as it avoids bias
51
Q

why does the testing of a new drug need to be peer-reviewed

A

to check that the tests involved were fair and helps prevent any false claims from being published

52
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies from a single clone of cells

53
Q

which white blood cell produces antibodies

A

B-lymphocytes

54
Q

what are the steps in producing monoclonal antibodies

A
  • inject an animal with the antigen that we want our antibodies to bind to
  • isolate some of their b-lymphocytes which will produce the antibody
  • combine the b-lymphocytes with fast-dividing tumour cells to form hybridoma cells
  • let them divide rapidly in a petri dish
  • collect and purify the monoclonal antibodies they produce
55
Q

what substances can we attach to the antibodies in order to located or destroy specific cells

A
  • drugs
  • fluorescent proteins
  • radioactive material
56
Q

what hormone do pregnant women produce

A

HCG

57
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A
  • blue beads and antibodies will bind with the HCG
  • they then travel to the other strip of antibodies
  • the blue beads all together will create a blue strip indicating that the woman is pregnant
58
Q

what can plants catch diseases from

A
  • microorganisms
  • larger organisms like insects
  • deficiency diseases from lack of essential minerals like nitrates and magnesium ions
59
Q

how can we tell if a plant has nitrate deficiency

A
  • stunted growth
60
Q

how can we tell if a plant has a magnesium deficiency

A
  • chlorosis

- yellow leaves

61
Q

how can you diagnose plant disease

A
  • match the symptoms you see with the diseases listed in a gardening manual
  • send a sample to a plant pathologist who might look for unique antigens or run DNA tests
  • trial and error
62
Q

give examples of physical plant defences

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • cellulose cell walls
  • layer of dead cells
63
Q

give examples of chemical plant defences

A
  • secreting chemicals that are anti microbial or poisonous
64
Q

give examples of mechanical plant defences

A
  • hairs
  • thorns
  • leaves that curl or droop

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