Infection and innate immunity Flashcards
What are the defences against pathogen used by the body?
Anatomical and physiological barriers, innate immunity and adaptive immunity
What are some anatomical and physiological barriers against pathogens?
Skin, ciliary clearance, acidic stomach lysozyme (enzyme that catalyses destruction of cell wall of bacteria FYI) in tears and saliva
What are the cells involved in innate immunity?
Neutrophils, Macrophages, Mast cells, Eosinophils
What are the cells involved in adaptive immunity?
T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte cells
How can innate and adaptive immunity both be separated into sub groups?
They have a cellular and a humoral (in the blood) component
What is the major difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate is what you are born with and does not develop over time, adaptive develop
What kind of organisms have adaptive immunity?
Only higher order vertebrates
What does our innate immunity do against pathogens?
Provides the immediate response
Which is more the more primordial immune response, innate or adaptive? How is this shown?
Innate is more primordial as all organisms show some form of innate immunity, adaptive only in higher order vertebrate
In mammals, what are the innate immunity processes?
Complement system, myeloid cells and phagocytosis and pattern recognition receptors
How does innate response change as your body deals with infections repeatedly?
It doesn’t change
What are the three major types of pathogens that affect the immune system?
Viruses, bacteria and protozoa and parasites
What kind of pathogen are viruses? Why this type?
They are intracellular pathogens
They go INTO body cells and infect them with their DNA
Once a viruses infects a cell, how much of the cells synthetic machinery is used to produce viral DNA?
90%
What are some examples of viruses?
Influenze, polio, smallpox, chicken pox/varicella, HIV
What does effective defence against viruses rely on in the body? Does this response do?
Cellular immunity
Distinguishes normal cells from infected cells
What kind of pathogen are bacteria? Why this type?
They are extracellular pathogens
They exist OUTSIDE the cell
What are some examples of bacteria?
Staph aureus, tuberculosis, Strep progenies, Black Plague (Yersisia pestis), Vibrio cholera
What does effective defences against bacteria rely on in the body?
Mainly by innate mechanisms and phagocytosis
What does effective defences against protozoa and parasites rely on in the body?
Direct killing by chemical mediator released by granulocytes and mast cells
What kind of cells are involved in the protozoa and parasitic immune response?
Basophil, Eosinophil and mast cells
What do the granulocytes involved in protozoa and parasitic immune response release?
Cytotoxic chemicals (e.g. inflammatory chemicals such as histamine)
What are the two types of bacteria?
Gram positive and gram negative
What are the physical differences between gram positive and negative?
Positive: Bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
Negative: have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane