Infection and immunity Flashcards
What name is given to microorganisms that cause disease? (Hint: give the general term, not specific ones.)
pathogens
What do bacteria release that make us feel ill?
toxins
What type of pathogen causes measles?
virus
True or false? Fungicides are a type of pesticide.
True
Which type of microorganism causes gonorrhoea?
bacteria or ‘bacterium’
True or false? Gonorrhoea causes pain when urinating.
True
What type of medicine can be used to treat gonorrhoea?
penicillin
Which type of blood cell does the HIV virus attack?
white blood cells
Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce the spread of disease?- simple hygiene measures - isolating infected individuals - destroying vaccinations - destroying vectors
Destroy vaccinations
Name the disease in plants that causes a ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration. Write out the full name, not the abbreviation.
tobacco mosaic virus
What disease begins with a flu-like illness and progresses to attack the immune cells if it isn’t successfully controlled?
HIV or ‘aids’
Which viral disease that most children are vaccinated against has symptoms that include fever and a red skin rash? - HIV - Ebola - measles - yellow fever
measles
How is the measles virus spread? - skin contact - eye contact - bacteria on food - contact with saliva or mucus
contact with saliva or mucus
What disease is being described here? It is a serious viral illness that can be fatal if there are complications, and most children are vaccinated against it.
measles or mumps
True or false? Gonorrhoea was once easily treated with penicillin, but many resistant strains have begun appearing.
True
What does TMV stand for?
tobacco mosaic virus
Rose black spot disease can be treated by using a type of pesticide called a __________.
What is the missing word in this sentence?
Fungicide or fungicides
As well as the bathroom, in what other room in the home is hand washing particularly important to reduce the spread of disease?
kitchen or toilet/ bathroom
Name the type of microorganism : They are very small but they are not cells. They can only reproduce inside the cells of other organisms.
virus
What system in the body is affected by HIV/AIDS?
immune system
HIV can be transmitted through all of these EXCEPT which?
- sharing needles - skin contact - all of these - blood transfusion - unprotected sex
skin contact
True or false? A person suffering from HIV/AIDS is more likely to become infected with tuberculosis
True
Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists can cause disease. Because of this, they are examples of what?
Pathogens
Measles, HIV and TMV are all examples of what type of communicable disease?
Viral disease or virus
Salmonella food poisoning is spread by __________ that are ingested in food. What word completes the sentence?
Bacteria
In the United Kingdom, poultry are vaccinated against __________ bacteria. This helps prevent food poisoning in humans?
salmonella
Name the bacterial disease with symptoms of a thick green or yellow discharge from the genitals and pain when urinating.
gonorrhoea
What type of pathogen causes malaria? - a protist - a mosquito - a virus - a bacterium - a fungus
a protist
When a plant has TMV, its leaves are discoloured in a ‘mosaic’ pattern. This slows the growth of the plant because it prevents what process from happening?
photosynthesis
Rose black spot is a __________ disease in which purple black spots develop on the leaves of a plant? - protist - bacterial - fungal - viral
Fungal
Rose black spot spreads by water and what other method?
Wind
Rose black spot spreads by water and what other method?
Wind
Which statement below is correct about the colours in the rose black spot disease? - black or yellow spots develop on the leaves which turn purple - yellow or purple spots develop on leaves, which turn black - purple or black spots develop on leaves, which turn yellow
purple or black spots develop on leaves, which turn yellow
What type of plant disease is the tobacco mosaic disease?
Viral
A pathogen will __________ in order to increase its numbers.
Reproduce
What is the body’s largest and first line of defence against pathogens?
skin
What part of the digestive system is part of the first line of defence against attack by pathogens
stomach” or “stomach acid” or “hydrochloric acid” or “acid”
White blood cells help to defend against infection by producing antitoxins and by ingesting pathogens. They also produce __________ that help defend against infection. What one word completes the sentence?
antibodies
True or false? All antibodies can respond to any antigen.
False
Name the substance found in the trachea that traps dust and pathogens and stops them from entering the lungs.
mucus
What is the function of the cilia found in the cells of the trachea?
move mucus
True or false? Vaccination is equally effective no matter what proportion of the population does it.
False
Which of the following could be pathogens?- all of these- bacteria- viruses- fungi
all
What type of barrier is the skin?
physical
What is the term given to a group of microorganisms that can cause disease?
pathogens
The stomach produces acid that kills the majority of __________. What is the missing word in this sentence?
bacteria
The trachea and bronchi secrete __________ which traps pathogens. What is the missing word in this sentence?
mucus
The stomach produces acid that kills the majority of __________. What is the missing word in this sentence?
pathogens or bacteria
What is the name of the system that tries to destroy pathogens that enter the human body?
immune system
Pathogens in a vaccine are either dead or __________. What one word completes the sentence?
inactive
What are made in response to the vaccine?
antibodies
What type of cell in the immune system produces the antibodies?
white blood cells
True or false? Human skin produces antimicrobial secretions.
true
What is the purpose of mucus in human defence systems? - closing up wounds - trapping pathogens - giving a person a unique smell - moisturizing tissues - slowing down bacteria reproduction
trapping pathogens
What is the function of a cilia cell? - waft the musus up and out of the nose - create a breeze in the nasal passage - waft mucus to the back of the throat - produce hydrochloric acid
waft the mucus to the back of the throat
What do white blood cells produce to help defend against pathogens? (Hint: There is more than one possible answer. Give only ONE.)
antibodies or antitoxins
What is the name of the process where a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen?
phagocytosis
Which of the following is the correct definition of phagocytosis? - red blood cells engulf bacteria only - white blood cells engulf bacteria only - white blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens - red blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens
white blood cells engulf bacteria only
Can antibiotics be used against viruses?
no
In what places have bacteria resistant to antibiotics caused particular problems?
In what places have bacteria resistant to antibiotics caused particular problems?
hospitals
Painkillers such as aspirin help to kill the microorganisms causing the pain. True or false?
False
If you are given a course of 10 days’ worth of antibiotics, how many days should you take them for?
10
Drugs need to be tested to make sure they are effective and __________. What is the missing word?
safe or harmless or non-toxic
Drugs need to be tested for efficacy, dosage and what else?
toxicity
What word describes how well a drug works?
efficacy
What word describes how much of a drug should be given?
dosage
What word describes how much of a drug should be given?
toxicity
What term is used to describe a substance given in clinical trials that does not contain the drug?
placebo
Testing and approval of drugs takes how much time: days, weeks, months or years?
years
What is the name of the microorganism that is used to produce penicillin?
penicillium
What type of organism is Penicillium?
fungi or fungus or mould
Which type of microorganism produces the antibiotic penicillin?
fungi or fungus or mould
drug is digitalis whats the plant origin for it
foxglove
drug is aspirin what’s the plant it origins from
willow
drug is penicillin what’s the plant it origins from
penicillium
Who discovered penicillin?
alexander Fleming
If a drug is found to be safe after clinical trials, more clinical trials are then carried out to find the optimum __________ of the drug. What word completes the sentence?
dosage or dose
What would we see happening to a disease caused by a bacterium if it became resistant to antibiotics? become more common or less common
more common
A drug is noted to cause serious side effects in animals. A scientist predicts that if humans were given the drug, they might suffer the same side effects. Is the scientist right or wrong?
right
Volunteers taking part in early clinical trials should be… what?
healthy
As well as the drug, what does a double-blind trial involve giving to patients?
placebo
Are pregnant women usually included in clinical trials for new drugs?
no
Which type of medicine would a doctor give a patient suffering from a severe bacterial infection?
antibiotics
True or false? Patients in clinical trials are sorted into groups based on similar characteristics.
false
f antibiotics are used only for serious infections, what will happen to the rate of development of antibiotic-resistant strains? Will it increase, decrease or stay the same?
decrease
New discoveries in biology are checked anonymously by other scientific experts before the findings can be published. What two word name is given to this checking process?
peer review
