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Bioligy > Infection and immunity > Flashcards

Infection and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What name is given to microorganisms that cause disease? (Hint: give the general term, not specific ones.)

A

pathogens

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2
Q

What do bacteria release that make us feel ill?

A

toxins

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3
Q

What type of pathogen causes measles?

A

virus

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4
Q

True or false? Fungicides are a type of pesticide.

A

True

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5
Q

Which type of microorganism causes gonorrhoea?

A

bacteria or ‘bacterium’

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6
Q

True or false? Gonorrhoea causes pain when urinating.

A

True

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7
Q

What type of medicine can be used to treat gonorrhoea?

A

penicillin

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8
Q

Which type of blood cell does the HIV virus attack?

A

white blood cells

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce the spread of disease?- simple hygiene measures - isolating infected individuals - destroying vaccinations - destroying vectors

A

Destroy vaccinations

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10
Q

Name the disease in plants that causes a ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration. Write out the full name, not the abbreviation.

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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11
Q

What disease begins with a flu-like illness and progresses to attack the immune cells if it isn’t successfully controlled?

A

HIV or ‘aids’

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12
Q

Which viral disease that most children are vaccinated against has symptoms that include fever and a red skin rash? - HIV - Ebola - measles - yellow fever

A

measles

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13
Q

How is the measles virus spread? - skin contact - eye contact - bacteria on food - contact with saliva or mucus

A

contact with saliva or mucus

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14
Q

What disease is being described here? It is a serious viral illness that can be fatal if there are complications, and most children are vaccinated against it.

A

measles or mumps

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15
Q

True or false? Gonorrhoea was once easily treated with penicillin, but many resistant strains have begun appearing.

A

True

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16
Q

What does TMV stand for?

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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17
Q

Rose black spot disease can be treated by using a type of pesticide called a __________.
What is the missing word in this sentence?

A

Fungicide or fungicides

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18
Q

As well as the bathroom, in what other room in the home is hand washing particularly important to reduce the spread of disease?

A

kitchen or toilet/ bathroom

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19
Q

Name the type of microorganism : They are very small but they are not cells. They can only reproduce inside the cells of other organisms.

A

virus

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20
Q

What system in the body is affected by HIV/AIDS?

A

immune system

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21
Q

HIV can be transmitted through all of these EXCEPT which?
- sharing needles - skin contact - all of these - blood transfusion - unprotected sex

A

skin contact

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22
Q

True or false? A person suffering from HIV/AIDS is more likely to become infected with tuberculosis

A

True

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23
Q

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists can cause disease. Because of this, they are examples of what?

A

Pathogens

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24
Q

Measles, HIV and TMV are all examples of what type of communicable disease?

A

Viral disease or virus

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25
Q

Salmonella food poisoning is spread by __________ that are ingested in food. What word completes the sentence?

A

Bacteria

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26
Q

In the United Kingdom, poultry are vaccinated against __________ bacteria. This helps prevent food poisoning in humans?

A

salmonella

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27
Q

Name the bacterial disease with symptoms of a thick green or yellow discharge from the genitals and pain when urinating.

A

gonorrhoea

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28
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria? - a protist - a mosquito - a virus - a bacterium - a fungus

A

a protist

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29
Q

When a plant has TMV, its leaves are discoloured in a ‘mosaic’ pattern. This slows the growth of the plant because it prevents what process from happening?

A

photosynthesis

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30
Q

Rose black spot is a __________ disease in which purple black spots develop on the leaves of a plant? - protist - bacterial - fungal - viral

A

Fungal

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31
Q

Rose black spot spreads by water and what other method?

A

Wind

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32
Q

Rose black spot spreads by water and what other method?

A

Wind

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33
Q

Which statement below is correct about the colours in the rose black spot disease? - black or yellow spots develop on the leaves which turn purple - yellow or purple spots develop on leaves, which turn black - purple or black spots develop on leaves, which turn yellow

A

purple or black spots develop on leaves, which turn yellow

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34
Q

What type of plant disease is the tobacco mosaic disease?

A

Viral

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35
Q

A pathogen will __________ in order to increase its numbers.

A

Reproduce

36
Q

What is the body’s largest and first line of defence against pathogens?

A

skin

37
Q

What part of the digestive system is part of the first line of defence against attack by pathogens

A

stomach” or “stomach acid” or “hydrochloric acid” or “acid”

38
Q

White blood cells help to defend against infection by producing antitoxins and by ingesting pathogens. They also produce __________ that help defend against infection. What one word completes the sentence?

A

antibodies

39
Q

True or false? All antibodies can respond to any antigen.

A

False

40
Q

Name the substance found in the trachea that traps dust and pathogens and stops them from entering the lungs.

A

mucus

41
Q

What is the function of the cilia found in the cells of the trachea?

A

move mucus

42
Q

True or false? Vaccination is equally effective no matter what proportion of the population does it.

A

False

43
Q

Which of the following could be pathogens?- all of these- bacteria- viruses- fungi

A

all

44
Q

What type of barrier is the skin?

A

physical

45
Q

What is the term given to a group of microorganisms that can cause disease?

A

pathogens

46
Q

The stomach produces acid that kills the majority of __________. What is the missing word in this sentence?

A

bacteria

47
Q

The trachea and bronchi secrete __________ which traps pathogens. What is the missing word in this sentence?

A

mucus

48
Q

The stomach produces acid that kills the majority of __________. What is the missing word in this sentence?

A

pathogens or bacteria

49
Q

What is the name of the system that tries to destroy pathogens that enter the human body?

A

immune system

50
Q

Pathogens in a vaccine are either dead or __________. What one word completes the sentence?

A

inactive

51
Q

What are made in response to the vaccine?

A

antibodies

52
Q

What type of cell in the immune system produces the antibodies?

A

white blood cells

53
Q

True or false? Human skin produces antimicrobial secretions.

A

true

54
Q

What is the purpose of mucus in human defence systems? - closing up wounds - trapping pathogens - giving a person a unique smell - moisturizing tissues - slowing down bacteria reproduction

A

trapping pathogens

55
Q

What is the function of a cilia cell? - waft the musus up and out of the nose - create a breeze in the nasal passage - waft mucus to the back of the throat - produce hydrochloric acid

A

waft the mucus to the back of the throat

56
Q

What do white blood cells produce to help defend against pathogens? (Hint: There is more than one possible answer. Give only ONE.)

A

antibodies or antitoxins

57
Q

What is the name of the process where a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen?

A

phagocytosis

58
Q

Which of the following is the correct definition of phagocytosis? - red blood cells engulf bacteria only - white blood cells engulf bacteria only - white blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens - red blood cells engulf bacteria and other pathogens

A

white blood cells engulf bacteria only

59
Q

Can antibiotics be used against viruses?

A

no

60
Q

In what places have bacteria resistant to antibiotics caused particular problems?

A
61
Q

In what places have bacteria resistant to antibiotics caused particular problems?

A

hospitals

62
Q

Painkillers such as aspirin help to kill the microorganisms causing the pain. True or false?

A

False

63
Q

If you are given a course of 10 days’ worth of antibiotics, how many days should you take them for?

A

10

64
Q

Drugs need to be tested to make sure they are effective and __________. What is the missing word?

A

safe or harmless or non-toxic

65
Q

Drugs need to be tested for efficacy, dosage and what else?

A

toxicity

66
Q

What word describes how well a drug works?

A

efficacy

67
Q

What word describes how much of a drug should be given?

A

dosage

68
Q

What word describes how much of a drug should be given?

A

toxicity

69
Q

What term is used to describe a substance given in clinical trials that does not contain the drug?

A

placebo

70
Q

Testing and approval of drugs takes how much time: days, weeks, months or years?

A

years

71
Q

What is the name of the microorganism that is used to produce penicillin?

A

penicillium

72
Q

What type of organism is Penicillium?

A

fungi or fungus or mould

73
Q

Which type of microorganism produces the antibiotic penicillin?

A

fungi or fungus or mould

74
Q

drug is digitalis whats the plant origin for it

A

foxglove

75
Q

drug is aspirin what’s the plant it origins from

A

willow

76
Q

drug is penicillin what’s the plant it origins from

A

penicillium

77
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

alexander Fleming

78
Q

If a drug is found to be safe after clinical trials, more clinical trials are then carried out to find the optimum __________ of the drug. What word completes the sentence?

A

dosage or dose

79
Q

What would we see happening to a disease caused by a bacterium if it became resistant to antibiotics? become more common or less common

A

more common

80
Q

A drug is noted to cause serious side effects in animals. A scientist predicts that if humans were given the drug, they might suffer the same side effects. Is the scientist right or wrong?

A

right

81
Q

Volunteers taking part in early clinical trials should be… what?

A

healthy

82
Q

As well as the drug, what does a double-blind trial involve giving to patients?

A

placebo

83
Q

Are pregnant women usually included in clinical trials for new drugs?

A

no

84
Q

Which type of medicine would a doctor give a patient suffering from a severe bacterial infection?

A

antibiotics

85
Q

True or false? Patients in clinical trials are sorted into groups based on similar characteristics.

A

false

86
Q

f antibiotics are used only for serious infections, what will happen to the rate of development of antibiotic-resistant strains? Will it increase, decrease or stay the same?

A

decrease

87
Q

New discoveries in biology are checked anonymously by other scientific experts before the findings can be published. What two word name is given to this checking process?

A

peer review

Bioligy (5 decks)

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