Infection Flashcards
Bacteria
single cell, multi genus
different nuclei and protein synthesis than humans
cell walls
Antibacterial inhibition of cell membrane
cell membranes are made of peptidoglycans
drug creates holes into the walls of the cell membranes or prevents synthesis of cell membane
Antibacterial inhibition of protein synthesis
drug binds to ribosome
inhibition of protein synthesis
Anti bacterial inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis and function
decrease the folic acid production to decrease DNA/RNA synthesis
directly inhibit production of DNA/RNA
Anti bacteria drugs are either ____ or ____?
bacteriocide or bacteriostatic
narrow or broad spectrum
What causes antibacterial resistance
enzyme that degrades drug agent change or masking of the binding agent change the target enzyme of the drug decreased drug penetration efflux pumping out of the drug
Prevention and treatment of resistance
Avoid prescribing broad spectrum
use narrow spectrum when possible
use of 2nd drug to overcome resistance beta lactamase inhibitor
Antibacterial rehab concerns
allergic reaction/hypersensitivity
UV sensitivity
prevents the spread of infection
tendon rupture (fluroquinolones)
Risks of tendon rupture
increased age, steroid use, renal failure, tendon issue
large WBing tendon at risk
Virus in general
DNA encapsulated by capsid (protein shell)
Viral replication in general
penetrates the host cell and releases genetic material
overtakes the host cell and produces more viral cells
symptoms experienced are the lost of host cell
Anti-viral meds
specific to virus
inhibits viral enzyme
virustatic not virucidal
Tendon damage cause
unclear (oxidatitve change)
rapid onset 2 hours
85% within the first month
discharge use of drug to protect tendone
Viral replication steps and their treatment
- Absorption- can be prevented by enfuviritide
- penetrating and uncoating- tx with amantadine
- biosynthesis- RTI, protease inhibitors
- maturation and release- rifampicin
Interferons
small protein produced endogenously that controls cell proliferation and immune response
interferon alfacon -1 for hep C
interferon alfa 2b condylomata for hep B
Antiviral vaccines
made from modified virus
administered prior to viral exposure
stims the immune system to produce specific antibodies
HIV/AIDS
attacks T4 lymphocytes and decreases immune system function = susceptible to opportunistic infections
aids is associated with HIV
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI)
inhibits the transcription of viral DNA to viral RNA
nucleocidal- drug acts as the false substrate to prevent
non- nucleocidal- drug blocks the binding site of the reverse transcriptase to inhibit.
Protease inhibitors
protease- key enzyme in HIV synthesis
protease inibitor mimics components of the enzyme to inhibit function of the protease
HIV entry inhibitor
decreases the ability of HIV to enter
Integrase inhibitor
integrase splices viral DNA into host cell genes,
inhibits the integrase
Drug combination of HIV
2 nucleocidal RTI + 1 non-nucleocidal
and potentially others to defend against resistance
other-aids meds
antibacterial and antiviral for opportunistic infections
interferons for cancer
Anti-HIV med summary
now new strategies to impair HIV replication cycle
strategies to inhibit specific HIV replication cyle
Anti-HIV adverse effects
RTI/Integrase inhibitors
neuropathy and myopathy
Protease/Integrase inhibitors
lipodystrophy
GI distress, immune response
Future of HIV treatment
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
vaccine?prevention
ongoing drug development
Fungal infection
myocosin (superficial to deep)
immuno-supressed patients will experience severe systemic reaction
Imidazoles
inhibits the enzyme that synthesizes the membrane
local vs sytemic depends on toxicity level
Other fungal infection
impair the integrity of the fungal membrane and biochem of fungus
Adverse effects of topical vs. systemic
topical: no real adverse effects, excess use=resistance?
systemic: Gi distress, HA, liver toxicity, blood dyscrasia
