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OPT 500 > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What two substances are always found in Gram-positive bacterial cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan and techoic acids

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2
Q

What type of antibiotic targets peptidoglycan?

A

Beta-lactam

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3
Q

What is the role of autolysin?

A

It is a bacterial enzyme that cleaves peptidoglycan in order to expand the cell wall.

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4
Q

What makes a bacterium acid-fast?

A

If it contains mycolic acid

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5
Q

True or false: Gram-positive cells have a thin layer of peptidoglycan, whereas Gram-negative cells have a thick layer.

A

False: Gram-positive = thick layer; Gram-negative = thin layer

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6
Q

Gram-negative bacteria have a layer outside the cell wall (an outer membrane). What important molecule is found in the outer membrane, and what effect does it have?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–If disrupted, the lipid portion (Lipid A) may act as an endotoxin and cause uncontrolled activation of inflammatory reaction.

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7
Q

What species of bacteria lack cell walls entirely?

A

Mycoplasma

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8
Q

What is the difference between pili and fimbriae?

A

Pili are usually longer and sparser than fimbriae.

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9
Q

What function do pili have?

A

Attachment to other bacteria and conjugation

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10
Q

What function do fimbriae have?

A

Attachment to surfaces; they are key to formation of biofilms

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11
Q

How do prokayotes replicate?

A

Binary fission

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12
Q

What genera of bacteria form endospores?

A

Bacillus and clostridium (both Gram-positive)

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13
Q

What layers make up an endospore?

A

Two membrane layers with peptidoglycan between, and an outer spore coat

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14
Q

What are the three classes of virulence factors?

A

Exoenzymes, exotoxins, and endotoxins

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15
Q

What are the three classes of exotoxins?

A

A-B toxins, membrane-disrupting toxins, and superantigens

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16
Q

How do A-B toxins work?

A

The B portion binds to the host receptor for endocytosis, then the A portion alters cell function.

17
Q

What endotoxin is released as a result of dead bacteria?

A

Lipid A–it causes fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting.

18
Q

True or false: the prokaryotic genome is made up of circular, single-stranded DNA

A

False: it is circular, double-stranded DNA

19
Q

What are the three types of prokaryotic horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation

20
Q

Where does the recipient cell get DNA from during transformation?

A

From the environment, usually from a dead cell

21
Q

What is the name for a cell which is able to take up DNA from the environment?

A

Competent cell

22
Q

How does transduction take place?

A

A virus infects the bacteria and as new virus particles are self-assembling, bacterial DNA may be accidentally encapsulated. This virus “infects” a new cell, transferring the DNA.

23
Q

How does conjugation take place?

A

An F pilus connects the donor to the recipient, allowing transfer of a copy of the F plasmid (which may contain many different genes.

24
Q

Compared to transformation and transduction, what is unique about conjugation?

A

The donor cell lives through the process

25
Q

What structures make up a virion?

A

Capsid (protein coat), genome, and sometimes an envelope (phospholipid membrane).

26
Q

Molds and yeasts are what type of organisms?

A

Fungi

27
Q

What do fungal cell walls contain that bacterial cell walls do not?

A

Chitin

28
Q

True or false: all fungi can reproduce asexually

A

True.

29
Q

What type of asexual reproduction occurs in yeasts?

A

Budding

30
Q

What type of asexual reproduction occurs in molds?

A

Spores

31
Q

During fungal sexual reproduction, what is the name of the product of fusion between a + and a - mating type?

A

Dikaryon, so called because the nuclei have not yet joined

32
Q

What two types of organisms can cause parasitic infections?

A

Protozoa and helminths

33
Q

What are the four classes of protozoa?

A

Flagellates, amoebae, ciliates, and sporozoa

34
Q

What forms of asexual reproduction can happen with protozoa?

A

Fission, budding, schizogeny

35
Q

What forms of sexual reproduction can happen with protozoa?

A

Gamete fusion, conjugation (exchange of micronuclei)

36
Q

Protozoa can exist in what two forms?

A

Trophozoites (active) and cysts (dormant)

37
Q

What stage (mature or immature) and what type of reproduction (sexual or asexual) do protozoa undergo in the definitive host?

A

Mature; sexual

38
Q

What stage (mature or immature) and what type of reproduction (sexual or asexual) do protozoa undergo in the intermediate host?

A

Immature; asexual

39
Q

What are the three classes of helminths?

A

Nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes

OPT 500 (3 decks)

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