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OPT 500 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

What is the role of transferrin and lactoferrin, and where can they be found?

A

Sequesters iron; found in saliva, mucus, milk, blood, and extracellular fluid

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1
Q

What is the role of lysozyme, and where can it be found?

A

Degrades peptidoglycan; found in tears, saliva, mucus, phagocytic cells, blood, extracellular fluid

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2
Q

What is the role of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)?

A

Disrupt integrity of bacterial cells by forming pores; found in mucous membranes and within phagocytic cells

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3
Q

Define: pathogenicity

A

The ability of an organism to cause disease

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4
Q

Define: virulence

A

How pathogenic an organism is

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5
Q

How are invaders detected by the immune system?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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6
Q

What are a few types of PAMPs?

A

Flagellin, peptidoglycan, LPS, dsRNA, unmethylated DNA

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7
Q

Which immune cells are phagocytes?

A

Macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

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8
Q

Which of the phagocytes can kill bacteria extracellularly, and how do they do this?

A

Neutrophils; they release web-like genetic material

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9
Q

What is the role of antigen-presenting cells?

A

They display digested microbial antigens on their surface and activate T-helper cells

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10
Q

In the complement system, what is the role of C3b?

A

It activates C5, splitting it into C5a and C5b. It also binds to foreign material (opsonization) to make phagocytosis easier.

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11
Q

What is the role of C5a?

A

It acts as a powerful phagocyte chemoattractant. Together with C3a it also increases vascular permeability

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12
Q

What is the role of C5b?

A

Togther with C6, C7, C8, and C9 it forms transmembrane channels in invaders (Membrane-attack complex MAC).

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13
Q

How are natural killer cells inhibited?

A

Killer Inhibitor Receptors recognic class I MHC molecules on a cell surface

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14
Q

What type of molecules are highly antigenic?

A

Proteins and polysaccharides

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15
Q

What type of molecules are poorly antigenic?

A

Lipids and nucleic acids

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16
Q

Which Ig is produced first during the primary response?

A

IgM

17
Q

Which Ig circulates as a pentamer?

A

IgM

18
Q

Which Ig is most abundant in blood and tissue fluids?

A

IgG

19
Q

Which Ig provides the longest-term protection?

A

IgG

20
Q

Which Ig is primary during the secondary response?

A

IgG

21
Q

Which Ig is most abundantly produced?

A

IgA

22
Q

Which Ig serves as B cell receptor?

A

IgD

23
Q

Which Ig is active against helminths and other parasites?

A

IgE

24
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes mature?

A

In the bone marrow

25
Q

Where do naive B-lymphocytes reside?

A

Lymphoid organs and tissues

26
Q

What three gene segments are joined together during B cell maturation?

A

V, D, and J

27
Q

What two events must occur in order for a B cell to activate?

A

An antigen must bind a B-cell receptor, and helper T cells must confirm

28
Q

Where do memory B cells reside?

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen

29
Q

What do helper T cells do, once activated?

A

Release cytokines and help activate B cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells

30
Q

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Anaphylactic–IgE triggers release of cytokines by mast cells

31
Q

What is the idea behind desensitization in Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Extremely dilute solutions of antigen might cause IgG to be produced instead of IgE, reducing the reaction

32
Q

What is Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Cytotoxic

33
Q

What mediates Type II hypersensitivity, and what disease is an example?

A

Antibody-activated complement; hemolytic disease of newborns

34
Q

What is Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Complex-mediated

35
Q

Describe Type III hypersensitivity

A

Slight excess of antigen over antibody can cause Ag-Ig complexes to deposit in blood vessels and tissues; complement activates and leads to inflammatory events

36
Q

What is Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Delayed cell-mediated

37
Q

What causes Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

T cells; first contact with a hapten primes your immune system to overreact to subsequent reactions

38
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is responsible for most types of contact dermatitis and organ rejection?

A

Type IV (delayed cell-mediated)

39
Q

In severe combined immunodeficiency, two different types of mutations occur. What types are they and what do they cause?

A

An X-linked recessive mutation causes lack of communication between B and T cells; an autosomal recessive mutation cause accumulation of deoxyadenosine, which is toxic to B and T cells.

OPT 500 (3 decks)

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