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Path EOY - POP > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

virulence

A

ability of a microbe to cause pathological effects

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2
Q

steps in microbial disease

A

gain entry
invade of cross mucosa/skin
colonise and spread

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3
Q

crossing mucosal barriers

A

adherence - pilli, fimbrae, ligands for cell receptors

crossing -
m- cell trafficking
transcytosis
dendritic cell sampling
lymphocyte trafficking
neuronal transport

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4
Q

colonisation and spread

A

–> systemic disease

cell injury
virulence factors

first to local tissues –> lymph nodes –> organ systems

spread by leukocyte trafficking

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5
Q

virulence factors

A

factors that enable infectivity, colonisation, spread

motility - flagella

adherence -
bind directly to receptors
bind using a pili or fimbrae
invasins - assist invasion

immune evasion -
lipopolysaccharides in cell wall - resists chemical attack and acts as endotoxin
biofilm - resists phagocytosis and antimicrobials
capsule - resists phagocytosis

immune suppression -
toxins - phagocyte destruction

acquisition of nutrients -
siderophores - use iron from blood for nutrition

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6
Q

spread mechanisms

A

passive - free in blood or lymphatics

leukocyte trafficking - macrophages, lymphocytes or dendritic cells take on pathogen for phagocytosis and travel them around
- tb - blocks fusion of phagosome with lysosom
- johnes - blocks action of lysosomal enzymes

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7
Q

bacterial toxins

A

Lipopolysaccharides -
brucella abortus
gram -ves
part of wall, stabilises wall and released when bacteria dies

lipoteichoic acid -
gram +ve - released when they die

exotoxins -
produced by living gram +ve bacteria
clostridia perfingens - direct cytolysis
staph aureus - por forming
crynebacterium - inhibition of protein synthesis
e coli - inhibition of iron pumps

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8
Q

e coli

A

eneterotoxigenic (ETEC) -
fimbrae
toxins - alter secretion of water and electrolyes
alteration of cell membrane electrolyte and fluid transport –> diarrhoea

Enterpathogenic (EPEC) -
intimin - loosens tight junctions between enterocytes
villus atrophy

enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) -
shiga/verotoxin - cytotoxic
coagulative necrosis –> haemorrhagic diarrhoea

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9
Q

anthrax

A

capsule
spore persist in environment

toxins -
protective antigen - pore forming
oedema - goes through pore - disrupts electrolyte/water transport –> oedema
lethal - goes through pore - causes cytokine production causing cell death

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10
Q

atrophic rhinitis - pigs

A

bortedella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida

bortedella phase -
dermonecrotic toxin, lets pasteurella in

pasteurella phase -
pasteurella mutolcida toxin
increases osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts –> turbinate atrophy

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11
Q

clostridia perfringens

A

A - alpha toxin
B - alpha, beta and epsilon
C - alpha and beta
D - alpha and epsilon
E - alpha and iota

Alpha toxin - gas gangrene, canine haemorhagic disease, ferret gastroenteritis
Epsilon toxin - pore forming in enterocytes and endothelial cells - pulpy kidney

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12
Q

mycobacteria - phagocytosis resistance

A

TB - blocks fusion of phagosome with lysosome
Johnes - block action of lysosomal enzymes

allows progression to multifocal chronic lesions

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13
Q

tropism

A

specificity in which cells a microbe interacts with

viruses usually quite specific - bing via ligand receptor interactions

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14
Q

tropism examples

A

listeria -
brain tropism
uses catecholamines as food source

canine parvo -
pan-tropic
infects many cell types

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15
Q

susceptible cells

A

cells that allow entry of viruses

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16
Q

permissive cells

A

cells that allow virus to replicate - usually killed by lysis when virus leaves

17
Q

viral virulence factors

A

antigenic shift - different strains combine to make sudden change in antigenic expression

antigenic drift - gradual change in antigenic expression over time

replication in phagocytic cells - use cells own machinery
outcomes of replication -
cell death by lysis
apoptosis
latency - herpes
cell proliferation - papiloma
malignant transformation - oncogenic viruses

18
Q

gross features of viral infections

A

lungs - hematogenous spread, interstitial pneumonia

liver - random necrosis

19
Q

histopathologic features of viral infections

A

cell enlargement
viral inclusion bodies

20
Q

orf

A

ovine parapox

viral vascular endothelial growth factor - stimulated capillary proliferation, induces vascular permeability and enhances epithelial proliferation

orf virus cytkoine IL10 orthologue - suppresses WBC rectruitment

orf virus interferon resistance gene - inhibits interferon

can initiate apoptosis in antibody producing cells and inhibit apoptosis of infected cells

21
Q

rotavirus

A

direct damage of enterocytes –> villus atrophy –> malabsorption and osmotic diarrhoea

viral proteins affect enteric nervous system –> secretory diarrhoea and increased motility

NSP4 toxin –> secretory diarrhoea

22
Q

retroviruses

A

insert copy of DNA into host DNA

23
Q

lentiviruses

A

infect monocytes/macrophages and CD4 lymphocytes

FIV - immunosuppresion

Maedi-visna - progressive pneumonia

24
Q

oncoretroviruses

A

strimulate neoplastic transformation - lymphoma

FeLv - 60x risk of mediastinal/thymic T cell lymphoma

FIV - 6x risk of intestinal B cell lymphoma

avian leukosis virus

Bovine leukemia virus - notifiable

enzootic nasal tumour

jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus - pulmonary carcinomas of type 2 pneumocytes

25
Q

viral genes

A

pol - encodes for reverse transcriptase

gag - codes for nucleocapsid glycoproteins - detected in antibody based tests

enc - codes for surface glycoprotein that goes recptor binding and cell entry

26
Q

coccidia species

A

eimeria - gut only
eimeria
isospora
cryptosporidium

sarcocystidae - leave git and form cysts in tissues - can cause necrosis and inflammation
toxoplasma
neospora
sarcocystis
besnotia

27
Q

coccidia lifecycle

A

ingestion of oocysts –> sporocysts emerge, invade enterocytes –> asexual reproduction –> formation of sexual stages –> fuse to oocysts –> passed in feces

28
Q

coccia pathogenicity

A

not all eimeria pathogenic - makes fecal oocyst counts difficult to interpret

enterocyte damage when mature schozont rupture

villus atrophy –> malabsorption
epithelial erosion and ulceration –> exudative enteritis and haemorrhage
impaired intestinal barrier –> increased permeability –> diarrhoea

alpacas - eimeria predisposes to secondary infection (usually clostridia)

crypto - enterotoxin release –> secretory diarrhoea

sarcocystidae (usually quite benign outside GIT) - cysts rupture or nervous system infection

neospora - abortion in cattle

29
Q

trypanosomes

A

vector borne

4 forms -
amastigotes - intracellular - multiplies incalles, only form without flagella
trypomastigotes - blood form - infective, doesnt multiply - flagella and undulating membrane
epimastigotes - intermediate form - in midge vector
promastigotes - rapid division stage

T. cruzi - myocarditis
T. evansi - neurological signs - inflammation in brain

30
Q

trypanosomes - virulence factors

A

proteins on surface bind and assist entry

survive in macrophage - rapid movement from lysosome to cytosol

antigenic variation in membrane surface glycoproteins

31
Q

fungus

A

superficial -
candida
aspergillus

systemic -
histoplasmosis
bastomycosis
cocciomycosis
cryptomycosis
fusarium

32
Q

fungal virulence factors

A

yeasts - polysaccharide capsule

surface antigens constantly shed

chronic inflammatory reaction with granulomatous inflammation

33
Q

aspergillosis

A

inhaled, deposited in mucus layer

if phagocytosis disrupted by immunosuppression - change to hyphae

enzymes secretion –> damages epithelium –> exposed basal laminae –> colonisation and invasion
invasion of underlying bone –> necrosis

gliotoxin - anti inflammatory, apopotoses phagocytes
fumagillin - antibiotic
melanin - antioxidant

can cause grey/black pseudomembranous rhinitis
granulomas around airawys

34
Q

aspergillosis - species locations

A

cattle - lungs, placenta, udder
horse - guttural pouch
cat - lungs

35
Q

helminth immune system modulation

A

elicits a minimal response - nautralises immune pathways
dampens response to other unrelated things - allergens, autoantigens

can be beneficial
reduces effectiveness of vaccines

Path EOY - POP (7 decks)

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