Fluid Pathology

Question 1

oedema

Answer 1

accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

Question 2

mechanisms of oedema

Answer 2

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of vessels, osmotic in

4 mechanisms -
increased microvascular permeability
increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure
decreased intravascular osmotic pressure
decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 3

effusion

Answer 3

same mechanisms as oedema but into larger cavity

Question 4

fluid types

Answer 4

transudate - low protein, low cellularity
modified transudate - mid protein, mid cellularity
exudate - high protein, high cellularity

Question 5

endothelia types

Answer 5

continuous - least permeable - blood brain barrier, muscle, lung, bone

fenestrated - small windows with diaphragms so things can pass through - renal glomeruli, intesitinal villi, endocrine glands, choroid plexus, cilliary processes of eye

discontinuous - big gaps, lets large molecules through - liver sinusoids, spleen sinusoids, bone marrow lymph nodes

permeability increases as response to inflammation -
cytokines –> cell retraction –> gaps widen

Question 6

hyperemia

Answer 6

active increased flow/volume of blood

Question 7

congestion

Answer 7

passive increase flow/volume of blood

Question 8

causes of hypoalbuminemia

Answer 8

reduced production - liver disease, protein starvation

increased losses - protein losing enteropathy, parasites, protein losing nephropathy