Infant Nutrition, Elimination, Hydration and Jaundice Flashcards
Breastfeeding Statistics
-Breastfeeding initiation
rates has increased
steadily to 90.3%
-The rate of babies that
are exclusively breastfed
(6 months or longer) is
24.4%
-Breastfeeding rates is different among communities, with higher rates in women over 25 and in the western provinces
Benefits of Breastfeeding
-Human milk is designed specifically for human infants; it is nutritionally superior to any alternative. -Breast milk is considered living tissue because it contains almost as many live cells as blood. -Breast milk is bacteriologically safe and always fresh. -Nutrients in breast milk are more easily absorbed than those in formula.
Benefits of Breastfeeding
-Human milk is designed specifically for human infants; it is nutritionally superior to any alternative. -Breast milk is considered living tissue because it contains almost as many live cells as blood. -Breast milk is bacteriologically safe and always fresh. -Nutrients in breast milk are more easily absorbed than those in formula.
Benefits of Breastfeeding: BABY
-Enhances maturation of
the GI tract
-Lowers incidence of gastroenteritis, necrotizing enterocolitis, childhood obesity as well as obesity in adolescents and adulthood; crohn’s disease, and celiac disease
-Provides antibodies and cell mediated immunological factors that help protect against otitis media, respiratory illnesses such as RSV and pneumonia, UTI’s, bacteremia, and bacterial meningitis
-Decreases certain
allergies, less likely to die from SIDS, protective effect against childhood lymphoma and type 1 and type 2 diabetes
May enhance cognitive development in preterm and term infants
Pain relief for newborns when undergoing painful procedures such as venipuncture and heel sticks.
Benefits of Breastfeeding: Mother
Benefits: -Decreases risk of ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease
-Breastfeeding promotes
uterine involution and
associated with decrease
risk of PPH
-Mothers who breastfeed
return to their pre-
pregnancy weight quicker
-Reduced risk of
osteoporosis and hip
fractures
-Unique bonding experience, enhanced development of the maternal role, and provide protection against PPD when breastfeeding issues are addressed appropriately
Benefits of Breastfeeding: Family & Society
Benefits: -Convenient; no bottles or other equipment to purchase, clean, dispose of
-Breastfed babies are
portable, fewer supplies
to bring along
-Parental absenteeism
from work is less
-Breastfeeding saves money; formula is expensive; because breastfed infants have lower incidence of illness and infection, saves health care costs
Contradictions to breastfeeding
-Maternal cancer therapy or diagnostic and therapeutic radioactive isotopes -Active TB not under treatment -HIV in mother -Maternal herpes simplex lesion on breast -Maternal substance use (cocaine, methamphetamines, marijuana) -Maternal T-cell leukemia virus type 1 -Medications (although rare) that might exert an untoward effect on breastfeeding. Consult with health care provider or refer to Motherisk website.
The Ten Steps to Baby Friendly Designation
Step 1. Have a written breastfeeding policy
Step 2. Ensure that all HCP have the knowledge and skills necessary to implement the breastfeeding policy.
Step 3. Inform pregnant women and their families about the importance and process of breastfeeding.
Step 4. Place babies in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers immediately following birth for at least an hour or until completion of the first feeding or as long as the mother wishes; encourage mothers to recognize when their babies are ready to feed, offering help as needed.
Step 5. Assist mothers to breastfeed and maintain lactation should they face challenges, including separation from their infants.
Step 6. Infants are not offered food or drink other than human milk for the first 6 months, unless medically indicated.
Step 7. Facilitate 24-hour rooming-in for all mothers: Mothers and infants remain together.
Step 8. Encourage baby-led or cue-based breastfeeding. Encourage sustained breastfeeding beyond 6 months with appropriate introduction of complementary foods.
Step 9. Support mothers to feed and care for their breastfeeding babies without the use of artificial teats or pacifiers (dummies or soothers).
Step 10. Provide a seamless transition between the services provided by the hospital, community health services, and peer support programs.
Why do women choose to to Breastfeed?
-Women most often choose to breastfeed because they are aware of the benefits to the infant
-Support of partner and family is a major factor in mother’s decision to breastfeed and her success
-Women who perceive their partners to prefer breastfeeding are more likely to breastfeed and if they have a positive attitude towards it and have skills to support it
-Prenatal preparation includes the woman’s partner, who also needs the information about breastfeeding and how he or she can participate in infant care and nurturing
Barriers to breastfeeding
-Lack of comfort or uneasiness with breastfeeding -Pain -Lifestyle incompatibility -Discomfort with public breastfeeding -Lack of formal support
Breastfeeding: Society’s Views
How does society’s views about breastfeeding influence a mother’s decision to breastfeed? -Are these views different among different cultural groups? Do these influence a woman’s decision to breastfeed?
Why do women choose to Formula feed?
-May lack information and
understanding of the
benefits of breastfeeding
-See bottle feeding more
convenient or less
embarrassing than
breastfeeding
-Way to ensure that the father, partner or other family members and day care providers can feed the baby
-Lack confidence in their
ability to produce enough
milk
Cultural Sensitivity
-Cultural beliefs and
practices have a
significant influence on
feeding methods
-Nurses need to be knowledgeable about and sensitive to various cultural factors that influence feeding practices among their patients; be sure not to assume that generalized observations about any cultural group hold true for all members of that group
What are the Nutrient needs of the infant?
-During first two days of
life, healthy infants require
60-80mL/kg/per day
-From days 3-7, infants
require 100-150mL/kg per
day
-From days 8 -30, infants
require 120-180mL/kg per
day
-Generally babies do not need supplemental water; can interfere with amount of calories consumed at a time when they are growing rapidly
DESCRIBE LACTATION
Milk production
The female breast is composed of 15 to 20 segments (lobes) embedded in fat and connective tissues; it is well supplied with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Within each lobe are alveoli, the milk-producing cells, surrounded by myoepithelial cells that contract to send milk forward into the ductules.
