Infant, child and adolescent development Flashcards
Define stages: prenatal, fetus, infant, toddler, preschool
Prenatal= conception -> 8 weeks
Fetus= ->birth
Infant= ->15 months
Toddler= -> 2.5 years
Preschool= -> 6 years
Stage of fetal movement, hear, retinal response, taste, eyelids open, grasp, moro, sucking, cerebral cortex
movement 16-20w, hear 18w, retinal response 20w, taste 7mo, eyelids open 7mo, grasp 17w, moro 25w, sucking 28w, cerebral cortex 10mo
PND tests
Amniocentesis
USS
CVS
aFP (+in NTD)
Fetal blood/skin
Fetoscopy
Xray
When is white matter particularly susceptible to ischemic and metabolic injury
<32 weeks
Brief overview of maternal stress effects on fetus
+BP, HR, activity=
hyperative, irritable, LBW, feeding and sleeping difficulty
Features of fetal alcohol syndrome
33% alcoholic pregnant women affected
Growth retardation-> ht, wt, micropthalmia, short palpebral fissue, midface hypoplasia, short philtrum, thin upper lip
Microcephaly
Delayed development, seizures
?ADHD association due to alcohols effect on reducing DA
Normal behavioural development
Common causes of human malformation observed during first year of life
Marijuana effects on fetus
LBW, premature, withdrawal= irritable, tremor, hyperemesis
Language development
Cognitive development
Emotional development
Types of attachment
Stages of separation-individuation
Drawings during childhodd- brief representation
Early= representational and formal
Middle= perspective
Adolescence= affect laden
Reflect body image, sexual and aggressive impulses
Age of imaginary companion and purpose
50% of 3-10 year olds
Usually friendly, people/objects anthropomorphosised, relieve lonliness, reduce anxiety
Can occasionally persist into adulthood however usually end age 12
Girls without identification with mother
Become stuck at 6 yo level, fear women/men or both or become seductively close with them
Boys without identification with father
fear men, unable to leave mother, lack initiative, unable to master school skills
Content of childrens drea,s 2, 4, 5-6. Are parasonias common during this time?
2yo-> bitten, chased
4yo-> animal dreams, people that protect or destroy
5-6yo-> killed, injury, flying, ghosts
Due to developing conscience, moral values and +conflicts
By 5, know dreams not true. By 7 know they create their dreams
Parasomnias common-> walking, talking, eneuresis, night terrors
Difficulty falling asleep may be to do with child’s fear of dreaming
Effects of divorce
Types of step-families
Three expected developmental changes during adolescence
- Increase in risk taking
- Increased sexual behaviour
- Move toward peer affiliation
What information may be gained from an adolescent’s identification with a particular idol
Adolescents who become overly identified with an idol to exclusion of other activities-> greater risk for serious emotional problems.
May indicate social isolation, rejection from peers
Early adolescence
From 12-14
Most striking changes
Rejection of family norms, greater awareness of style, sexuality, growing desire for autonomy
Middle adoescence
14-16 yo
Lifestyles reflecting pursuits of own independence
Romantic relationships
Self esteem has pivotal role on risk taking behaviours
Sense of omnipotence
Underestimate risks
Late adolescence
17-19 yo
Continued exploration of academic pursuits, musical, athletics etc
Greater definition of self and sense of belonging
Cognitive maturation in adolescence
Abstract and hypotheticals
Self observation and regulation
Omnipotent belief system
What us morality
values/beliefs, codes of behaviour conforming to those shared in society
Stages of moral development
Preconventional- parental punishment and obedience
Conventional role-conformity= conform
Self accepted moral principles= voluntarily comply on basis of concept of ethical principles->making exceptions when necessary
Correlates of good self esteem
Perception of +ve physical appearance and high value to peers and family
Factors influencing sexual behaviour in adolescents
Personality->impulsivity = younger at first intercourse, more partners, more STDs, less contraception
Gender
Culture and religion
Race
Family
Impact of children being born to teenage mothers
+Prematurity
LBW
+mortality <5
+risk of neglect and abuse
Poor school performance
+divorce in mother
Alcohol use overview in adolescents- age at first drink, regular drinking age, highest prevalence of binge drinking
11 yo boys, 13 girls
15.9 regularly drinking
18-25 highest heavy/binge drinking
Consequences of cigarette smoking for teenagers- socially, psychologically
+fights, carry weapons
Suicide attempts
Depression
High risk sexual behaviour
1/3 die from smoking related diseases
Most important factor associated with violence in young boys
Growing up in a household without a father/father surrogate
Define social bullying
Use of peer rejection or exclusion to humiliate/isolate a victim
Factors leading to violent acts in teenagers
Impulsivity
Learning difficulties
Low Iq
Fearlessness
Witnessing violent acts
Early warning signs of school violence
Social withdrawal
Feelings of isolation and being alone, rejection
Victim of violence
Being persecuted
Expression of violence in writings/drawings
Uncontrolled anger
Impulsive/chronic hitting, intimidating, bullying
Disciplinary problems, violence/aggression, drugs/alcohol, gangs, possession/access to firearms, serious threats of violence
Sexual maturity rating
Juvenile sex offender subtypes
Prostitution in adolescents- age, home-life
Usually enter age 13, as young as 9
Sex slave trafficking
Often come from broken homes and ran away from home- picked up by pimps
Correlation between body piercings and drugs
Teenagers that endorse more than one body piercing/tattoo are more likely to endorse gateway drugs-> cigarrettes, alcohol, marijuana and experiment with hard drugs->cocaine, meth, ecstasy
