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Child and adolescent psychiatry > Infant, child and adolescent development > Flashcards

Infant, child and adolescent development Flashcards

1
Q

Define stages: prenatal, fetus, infant, toddler, preschool

A

Prenatal= conception -> 8 weeks

Fetus= ->birth

Infant= ->15 months

Toddler= -> 2.5 years

Preschool= -> 6 years

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2
Q

Stage of fetal movement, hear, retinal response, taste, eyelids open, grasp, moro, sucking, cerebral cortex

A

movement 16-20w, hear 18w, retinal response 20w, taste 7mo, eyelids open 7mo, grasp 17w, moro 25w, sucking 28w, cerebral cortex 10mo

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3
Q

PND tests

A

Amniocentesis

USS

CVS

aFP (+in NTD)

Fetal blood/skin

Fetoscopy

Xray

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4
Q

When is white matter particularly susceptible to ischemic and metabolic injury

A

<32 weeks

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5
Q

Brief overview of maternal stress effects on fetus

A

+BP, HR, activity=

hyperative, irritable, LBW, feeding and sleeping difficulty

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6
Q

Features of fetal alcohol syndrome

A

33% alcoholic pregnant women affected

Growth retardation-> ht, wt, micropthalmia, short palpebral fissue, midface hypoplasia, short philtrum, thin upper lip

Microcephaly

Delayed development, seizures

?ADHD association due to alcohols effect on reducing DA

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7
Q

Normal behavioural development

A
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8
Q

Common causes of human malformation observed during first year of life

A
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9
Q

Marijuana effects on fetus

A

LBW, premature, withdrawal= irritable, tremor, hyperemesis

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10
Q

Language development

A
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11
Q

Cognitive development

A
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12
Q

Emotional development

A
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13
Q

Types of attachment

A
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14
Q

Stages of separation-individuation

A
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15
Q

Drawings during childhodd- brief representation

A

Early= representational and formal

Middle= perspective

Adolescence= affect laden

Reflect body image, sexual and aggressive impulses

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16
Q

Age of imaginary companion and purpose

A

50% of 3-10 year olds

Usually friendly, people/objects anthropomorphosised, relieve lonliness, reduce anxiety

Can occasionally persist into adulthood however usually end age 12

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17
Q

Girls without identification with mother

A

Become stuck at 6 yo level, fear women/men or both or become seductively close with them

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18
Q

Boys without identification with father

A

fear men, unable to leave mother, lack initiative, unable to master school skills

19
Q

Content of childrens drea,s 2, 4, 5-6. Are parasonias common during this time?

A

2yo-> bitten, chased

4yo-> animal dreams, people that protect or destroy

5-6yo-> killed, injury, flying, ghosts

Due to developing conscience, moral values and +conflicts

By 5, know dreams not true. By 7 know they create their dreams

Parasomnias common-> walking, talking, eneuresis, night terrors

Difficulty falling asleep may be to do with child’s fear of dreaming

20
Q

Effects of divorce

A
21
Q

Types of step-families

A
22
Q

Three expected developmental changes during adolescence

A
  1. Increase in risk taking
  2. Increased sexual behaviour
  3. Move toward peer affiliation
23
Q

What information may be gained from an adolescent’s identification with a particular idol

A

Adolescents who become overly identified with an idol to exclusion of other activities-> greater risk for serious emotional problems.

May indicate social isolation, rejection from peers

24
Q

Early adolescence

A

From 12-14

Most striking changes

Rejection of family norms, greater awareness of style, sexuality, growing desire for autonomy

25
Q

Middle adoescence

A

14-16 yo

Lifestyles reflecting pursuits of own independence

Romantic relationships

Self esteem has pivotal role on risk taking behaviours

Sense of omnipotence

Underestimate risks

26
Q

Late adolescence

A

17-19 yo

Continued exploration of academic pursuits, musical, athletics etc

Greater definition of self and sense of belonging

27
Q

Cognitive maturation in adolescence

A

Abstract and hypotheticals

Self observation and regulation

Omnipotent belief system

28
Q

What us morality

A

values/beliefs, codes of behaviour conforming to those shared in society

29
Q

Stages of moral development

A

Preconventional- parental punishment and obedience

Conventional role-conformity= conform

Self accepted moral principles= voluntarily comply on basis of concept of ethical principles->making exceptions when necessary

30
Q

Correlates of good self esteem

A

Perception of +ve physical appearance and high value to peers and family

31
Q

Factors influencing sexual behaviour in adolescents

A

Personality->impulsivity = younger at first intercourse, more partners, more STDs, less contraception

Gender

Culture and religion

Race

Family

32
Q

Impact of children being born to teenage mothers

A

+Prematurity

LBW

+mortality <5

+risk of neglect and abuse

Poor school performance

+divorce in mother

33
Q

Alcohol use overview in adolescents- age at first drink, regular drinking age, highest prevalence of binge drinking

A

11 yo boys, 13 girls

15.9 regularly drinking

18-25 highest heavy/binge drinking

34
Q

Consequences of cigarette smoking for teenagers- socially, psychologically

A

+fights, carry weapons

Suicide attempts

Depression

High risk sexual behaviour

1/3 die from smoking related diseases

35
Q

Most important factor associated with violence in young boys

A

Growing up in a household without a father/father surrogate

36
Q

Define social bullying

A

Use of peer rejection or exclusion to humiliate/isolate a victim

37
Q

Factors leading to violent acts in teenagers

A

Impulsivity

Learning difficulties

Low Iq

Fearlessness

Witnessing violent acts

38
Q

Early warning signs of school violence

A

Social withdrawal

Feelings of isolation and being alone, rejection

Victim of violence

Being persecuted

Expression of violence in writings/drawings

Uncontrolled anger

Impulsive/chronic hitting, intimidating, bullying

Disciplinary problems, violence/aggression, drugs/alcohol, gangs, possession/access to firearms, serious threats of violence

39
Q

Sexual maturity rating

A
40
Q

Juvenile sex offender subtypes

A
41
Q

Prostitution in adolescents- age, home-life

A

Usually enter age 13, as young as 9

Sex slave trafficking

Often come from broken homes and ran away from home- picked up by pimps

42
Q

Correlation between body piercings and drugs

A

Teenagers that endorse more than one body piercing/tattoo are more likely to endorse gateway drugs-> cigarrettes, alcohol, marijuana and experiment with hard drugs->cocaine, meth, ecstasy

43
Q
A

Child and adolescent psychiatry (5 decks)

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