Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

Physical Development - Maturation

Answer 1

the distance one has traveled toward mature adult size and shape enhanced by experience

Question 2

Physical Development - Maturation - Sequence of motor skills

Answer 2

Rolling over - 3 months
Sitting unsupported - 6 months
Crawling - 8-9 months
Beginning to walk - 12 months
Walking independently - 15 months

Question 3

Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget

Answer 3

believed that children moved from stage to stage as they matured and were exposed to relevant types of experiences
- Believing that development occurs in stages derives from the discontinuous understanding of development…

Question 4

Cognitive Development - Discontinuous

Answer 4

development involves distinct and separate stages with different kinds of behavior and milestones occurring in each stage, each having starting and stopping points.

Question 5

Cognitive Development - Continuous

Answer 5

development is an incremental process that involves gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span

Question 6

Schema

Answer 6

Schemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences.
(unit 5 ) they are the list of characteristics that allow us to know what makes and object fit in a concept versus others.

Question 7

How we form Schemas and Concepts

Answer 7

As children experience new things, they shape their schemas in one of two ways - assimilation or accommodation

Question 8

How we form Schemas and Concepts - Assimilation

Answer 8

Interpret new information in terms of an existing schema

Question 9

How we form Schemas and Concepts - accommodation

Answer 9

adapt their existing schema to incorporate new information

Question 10

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 10

1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete Operational
4. formal Operational

Question 11

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor (0-2)

Answer 11

Experience world with their 5 senses - through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping

Question 12

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor (0-2) - Object Permanence

Answer 12

Develop object permanence around 9 months - now know that objects and people exist even if they are out of sight (peek - a - boo)

Question 13

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Preoperational (2-7)

Answer 13

children develop language and symbolic thinking

Question 14

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Preoperational (2-7) - Egocentric

Answer 14

Piaget concluded that preschool children are egocentric meaning they cannot perceive things from another’s point of view.

For example - an egocentric child playing hide and go seek may just child their face against the wall because if he can’t see you, then you can’t see him = inability to take on someone else’s perspective.

Question 15

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Preoperational (2-7) - Conservation

Answer 15

Lack the concept of conservation ( knowledge that quantity can remain the same when the shape or other properties change)

For example - a 4 year old, doesn’t understand that 8 oz of water in a short, wide glass is the same as 8 oz in a tall and skinny glass

Question 16

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Concrete Operational (7-12)

Answer 16

Develop the ability to think in a more logical manner
- children in this stage master idea of conservation and no longer are egocentric… yet items are still presented simply and in a hands-on manner
- children in this stage are also able to transform mathematical functions. so if, 4+8 = 12 then transformation 12 - 4 = 8 is also readily doable

Question 17

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Formal Operational (12+)

Answer 17

Characterized by abstract reasoning
- approach problems systematically… ruing out possibilities along the way
- this is thought to emerge during the teenage years… yet research has show that not everyone fully masters this stage, some research has show that approximately 60 % of adults reach this stage

Question 18

Social Development - stranger anxiety

Answer 18

the fear of strangers and develops around 8 months. this is the age at which infants form schemas for familiar faces and cannot assimilate a new face.

Question 19

Attachment

Answer 19

the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

Question 20

Attachment - Harry Harlow

Answer 20

• Took infant monkey away from biological mother at birth
• Gave baby money s two options, wire “mother” that provided milk and a cloth “mother” that was warm but no milk
• Baby monkey spent most of the time clinging to the cloth “monkey” and went occasionally to wire “monkey” to nurse
• showed that attachment was about comfort

Question 21

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Answer 21

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Question 22

Attachment - Harry Harlow - Implications of his research

Answer 22

• This idea then was transferred to humans … that human attachment grows through the responsiveness of the infants’ caregivers to the signals the babies provide ( like crying, smiling, reaching, etc.)
• The more the caregiver responds, the more secure the attachment.

Question 23

Attachment - Harry Harlow - Implications of his research - secure Attachment

Answer 23

Relaxed and attentive caregiving become the backbond of secure attachment

Question 24

Attachment - Harry Harlow - Implications of his research - insecure attachment

Answer 24

Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother was removed.

Question 25

Attachment - Mary Ainsworth - the strange situation

Answer 25

• test to measure the level of attachment in which the mother and child enter an unfamiliar room… the mother lets the child explore while she sits down
• an adult stranger then enters as the mother leaves, the other returns a short while later with the stranger leaving

Question 26

Attachment - Mary Ainsworth - the strange situation - her finding - securely attached

Answer 26

found that securely attached children use mom as a home base, exploring the room yet returning occasionally to her - when she leaves they show distress and go to her when she returns (60% of children)

Question 27

Attachment - Mary Ainsworth - the strange situation - her finding - Insecurely attached

Answer 27

found that insecurely attached children react in a few different ways - avoidant or ambivalent

Question 28

Attachment - Mary Ainsworth - the strange situation - her finding - Insecurely attached - Avoidant

Answer 28

do not cry when mom leaves and avoid her when she returns

Question 29

Attachment - Mary Ainsworth - the strange situation - her finding - Insecurely attached - Ambivalent

Answer 29

display anxiety when mom is in the room and are upset when mom leaves, but when she returns they may go to her while at the same time hitting or kicking her

Question 30

Parenting Styles - Authoritarian

Answer 30

• Parents are rigid, punitive and demand unquestioning obedience from children
• they have strict standards and discourage expressions of disagreement
• children tend to be unsociable, unfriendly and withdrawn

Question 31

Parenting Styles - Permissive

Answer 31

• Parents give children related or inconsistent directions and although nice, require little of them
• children tend to be immature, moody, dependent and have low self-control

Question 32

Parenting styles - authoritative

Answer 32

• “democratic”
• are firm, setting limits and goals for their children, YET explains and using reasoning to set those limits - often let children have some role in making decision/setting goals
• they also encourage children’s independence
• children tend to be likable, self-reliant, independent, and cooperative

Question 33

parenting styles - uninvolved

Answer 33

• show little interest in children and are emotionally detached
• they view parenting as nothing more than providing food, clothing, and shelter for children 0 in most extreme form, uninvolved parents are guilty of neglect ( a form of child abuse)
• children tend to feel unloved and emotionally detached