Infancy Flashcards
What occurs with infant motor development of newborn reflexes?
- Survival reflexes are adaptive (breathing, eye-blinking)
- Primitive reflexes are less adaptive and typically disappear in early infancy (grasping, babinski)
Identify and describe the two trends of infancy motor development
- Cephalocaudal (from head to toe) - babies start with their head and lifting their head before crawling etc
- Proximodistal (from proximal to distal) - internal or centre to outer
What is the order of milestones of motor development?
- lift head (~1 months)
- push chest up with arms (~2.5 months)
- Sit up without assistance (~6.5 months)
- Pull self up to stand (~7 months)
- Stand well alone (~11 months)
- Walk well alone (~13 months)
What is habituation?
- the process of learning to be bored with a stimulus (shows same visual stimulus, infant is bored and looks away)
- habituation can be used to test for discrimination of stimuli
What is preferential looking?
- infants prefer to look at complex rather than dull scenes
- contrasting of black and white panels experiment
What is evoked potentials?
Researchers can assess how an infants brain responds to stimulation by measuring its electrical conductivity
What is operate conditioning?
- Infants can learn to respond to a stimulus if they are reinforced for the response
(to suck faster or slower or to turn their head)
What do infants lack in vision at birth?
lack of acuity
What are infants visual preferences?
- Attracted to patterns that have light-dark transitions or contour
- Attracted to displays that are dynamic rather than static
- Young infants prefer to look at whatever they can see well
- Around 2 or 3 months a breakthrough begins to occur in the perception of forms
What qualities of hearing does infants have present at birth?
- can hear better than they can see
- can localise noises
- prefer relatively complex auditory stimuli
- can discriminate among sounds differ in loudness, duration, direction and frequency/pitch
Why does the visual system require stimulation early in life?
- to develop normally and influence auditory perception skills
- early visual deficits can affect later visual perception
What is Piagets first sensorimotor stage?
Reflex activity (birth-1 month)
What occurs in the reflex activity stage?
reflective reaction to internal and external stimulation
What is Piagets second sensorimotor stage?
Primary circular reactions (1-4months)
What occurs in the primary circular reactions stage?
infants repeat actions relating to their own bodies
What is Piagets third sensorimotor stage?
Secondary circular responses (4-8 months)
What occurs in the secondary circular responses stage?
responsive actions involving something in the infants external environment
What is Piagets fourth sensorimotor stage?
Co-ordination of secondary schemes (8-12months)
What occurs in the coordination of secondary schemes stage?
secondary actions are coordinated in order to achieve simple goals (i.e. pushing or grasping)
What is Piagets fifth sensorimotor stage?
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
What occurs in the tertiary circular reactions stage?
experimentation; actions are repeated with variations
What is Piagets sixth sensorimotor stage?
Beginning of thought (18 months)
What occurs in the beginning of thought stage?
symbolic thought permits mental representation, imitation and recall
When does object permanence develop?
sensorimotor period
What is the development of object permanence for 4-8 months?
out of sight out of mind
What is the development of object permanence for 8- 12 months?
make the A not B error
(error that something exists although it cannot be seen but searches for the object in the previous spot rather than the new spot)
What is the development of object permanence by 18 months?
object permanence has been mastered
At what age does the emotion of joy and laughter show?
3-4 months
At what age does the emotion of wariness show?
4 months
At what age does the emotion of fear show?
5-8 months
At what age do infants discover they can cause things to happen?
first 2 -3 months
What sense of self do infants have after 6 months?
infants realise they and other people are separate beings with different perspectives, ones that can be shared
What sense of self do infants have at around 18 months?
infants recognise themselves visually as distinct individuals
What is the experiment for self?
lewis and Brooks-gun: rogue test
What is the psychoanalytic attachment type?
I love you because you feed me
What is the learning attachment type?
I love you because you are reinforcing
What is the cognitive attachment type?
I love you because i know you
What is the ethological attachment type?
I love you because i was born to love
Who are the key figures in attachment theory?
John Bowlby - father Mary Ainsworth (his student)
What is phase 1 of Attachment development?
(birth - 2months) Indiscriminate sociability
What is phase 2 of Attachment development?
(2-7months) attachments in the making, increasing preference for familiar carers
What is phase 3 of Attachment development?
(7-24months) specific, clear cut attachments, seperation and stranger anxiety
What is phase 4 of Attachment development?
(24months+) goal-coordinated partnerships
What is seperation anxiety?
Once attached to a parent, a baby often becomes wary or fretful when separated from that parent (peaks between 14-18 months)
What is stranger anxiety?
Once attached to a parent, a baby often becomes wary or fretful reaction to the approach of an unfamiliar person (common between 8-10months)
