Inequalities In Cities

Question 1

Inequality in cities

Answer 1

Driven by political and economic forces

Inequality and urbanization are linked

Question 2

Methodological individualism

Answer 2

Place doesn’t matter , increasing levels of racial and economic segregation

Focus on individual

Question 3

Neighbourhood effects research

Answer 3

Observe relationships at the neighbourhood level - attributed them wrong at the individual level.

Response to methodological individualism

Identify the effects of neighbourhoods over and above individual factors

Question 4

Individual (person)

Answer 4

Race
Class
Gender
Personality traits

Question 5

Contextual: what effect does the context you live in have on you

Answer 5

Quality schools
Transportation
Crime
Pollution

Question 6

Emergent: what effect do you have on your neighbourhood

Answer 6

Local economy
Public health
Crime
Community (good education = slower connections to neighbors)

Question 7

Community level

Answer 7

Characteristics of the neighbourhood effect the status of the neighbourhood and the people within it

Question 8

Neighbourhood facts (USA)

Answer 8

Differ significantly in terms of socioeconomic status and racial segregation

Is socioeconomic status and high racial segregation tend to also have several associated social problems

Concentration of both poverty and affluence is increasing

Question 9

Concentrated disadvantage

Answer 9

The experience of poverty is much worse when everyone living around you is also poor

-when surrounded by more people = influential

Question 10

Social isolation

Answer 10

Residents of poor networks lack access to social networks and institutions that could provide them with links to the mainstream economy and society.

Question 11

Social organization

Answer 11

Neighbourhood poverty is linked to a breakdown of mutual trust among residents which prevents them from maintaining order and cooperation in their neighbourhoods

Question 12

Resource theories

Answer 12

Poor neighbourhoods lack important institutional resources (daycare, grocery stores)

Question 13

Food desert

Answer 13

They don’t have access to healthy food because there are no grocery stores near by

Question 14

Environmental theories

Answer 14

Residents suffer greater Heath problems which may affect other areas of their life

Question 15

Are Canadian cities much less segregated than American cities?

Answer 15

Yes but are increasing

Question 16

Are Canadian cities becoming more unequal among themselves?

Answer 16

Yes

Wealthy people move away from poor

Question 17

Hulchanski: three cities within Toronto: city 1

Answer 17

Central city

Average income 20% above average
Small minority in older neighbourhoods
15% of toronto’s neighbourhoods
Central older suburbs

NOW
spreading from the central suburbs to the downtown core

Question 18

Hulchanski: three cities within Toronto: city 2

Answer 18

The suburbs

20% within average income
66% of toronto’s neighbourhoods
Built extremely fast
Spread out among the new suburbs

NOW
essentially exists as a barrier between cities 1 and 3

Question 19

Hulchanski: three cities within Toronto: city 3

Answer 19

The inner city

Average incomes 20% below CMA average
19% of toronto’s neighbourhoods
Concentrated in the inner city

Decaying core of the city (belt line, east village)
Zone in transition

NOW
The suburbs are for the poor now , spread out in the new suburbs