Industrialization Flashcards
The industrial revolution
- mid 19th century in England
- Replaced agriculture with industry
- rise of large-scale production and factories
- emergence of working class
shift from agricultural work to mechanized labor
What was Marc worried about
individual’s relationship with work
-they took pride in their work
- and involved in the work process from finish to end - sense of accomplishment, fruits to their labor
- his concern was that there was a new class of workers, who sell the labor to someone else, signaling the emergence of the working class rather than it being something you’re proud of
Durkheim
The task that they were assigned were highly specialized and narrow
- part of breaking down these tasks to coordinate things
- trying to better understand the ramifications of the industrial revolution
those who owned the lands
Aristocrats
WAGES AND WORKING IN THE IR
-Pollution turned the cities black
-Lack of housing created urban slums
With high demand exploitation of workers including children
- Hiring of children some as young as 5 years old that outraged the public
- Formed unions and fought for government regulations to limit he work day and protect children
Global village
- connect people around the world
- can work anytime and anywhere
industrialist
those who owned the factories
Emile Durkheim
- Mechanical and organic solidarity
- division of labor
- anomie
- structural functionalism
Macro level: Durkheim
Interested in the rapid social change and what is going to happen next
-solidarity: what ties people together in a society, bonds us together as members of the same society
Primitive societies vs today, is that they are based on different types of ties that are lined together to form a bond
- primitive-mechanical solidarity
-pre-industrial
-share similar values and ideas
-not a lot of inequality, people take care of each other
-Division of labor
-women or very old - gathering part
Young healthy male = involved in the hunting
-Tied together based on sameness or likeness, similar
Organic: Durkheim
During industrial revolution
-highly specialized labor
-social bonds aren ow based on differfences
link us together because each of us are responsible of a small thing, in terms of how do we survive
- each of us do a narrowly defined task
- dependent on others - social binds
- organic because - analogy (human body) how we need all these parts in order for our body to be alive
- depend on other people, for so many things
- overly specialized, narrowly defined in such a way we don’t have a sense of purpose or a sense of meaning
Anomie: Durkheim
- sense that we do not connect
- lack meaning
- why do people have higher suicide rate than others?
- structural causes- linked back to social ons
- groups of people have more or less social ties (marriage, religions)
- focus on structural approaches to understand society
- interested in macro level questions
Karl Marx
Macro level: interested in the consequences that are related to economic classes
-focuses on two basic economic classes who have conflicting interests
Relation to the means of production
-1 class who owns all the stuff (capitalists) (bourgeoise) (bad guys)
The other doesn’t (proletariat) workers (labor)
-Being used to generate wages for themselves
-Paid to carry out the work
Marx: conflict
-Pay the workers less to make more profit for themselves
-They both have different interests
Workers want wages raised, and the owners lower
- Conflict between these classes as a good thing, as it will bring about social change
- Optimism comes from the proletariat, but at some point they are going to wake up and realize that they are being exploited, and they end up having a class consciousness. If these workers gain consciousness, they will have revolution and a call for change.
- You need to have conflict in order to bring about change
- A development of a classless society
- He saw that what the workers would want, is to go from a class base society to a classless society
Marx: formation of unions
- To protect children
- One way in which the workers could get -more control over their working conditions
- More bargaining power
- Able to talk about what is unacceptable, and did it as a group
What does Marx promote?
Conflict and change
Weber
- symbolic interaction
- protestant work ethic
- stay of bureaucracies
Weber: symbolic interaction
- Interpretation of meaning, and subjective meaning that individuals attach to their interactions with others, and this takes a different approach
- To understand this, we have to adopt the approach called Verstehen
- You have to put themselves in their shoes, and be able to understand their perspective on how they see the world
- Involve observation work, participant observation and non participant observation
Weber: macro level approach
- Macro level changes that were occurring
- Large scale factories – there needed to be way in order to synchronize labor
- They started formulating bureaucratic ways of working
- Formation of the protestant work ethic
- Changes in the values of society in terms of religious beliefs that he thinks had an impact on this type of organization that fit within the context of early capitalism
- Places a high value of work
- Rather than work being a necessary evil,
- With the protestant work ethic- work is your calling, God gave you this gift to do, so that when you perform work you are performing service for God “God given gifts”
- We changed our values and ideas about work
- If you were a hard worker you were destined for heaven
- If you worked hard and you spent your money frivolously = sinful
- If you got your pay check and invested = destined for heaven
- Suggested that the protestant work ethic did was brought rational work values to society
- Protestant work ethic and bureaucracies working simultaneously together - Reinforced each other- in terms of thinking of
Controlling workers: The Assembly Line
Based on the idea that industrial operations can be performed more efficiently when workers stay in one place while he work comes to them
Made industrial production much more efficient and economical
Ex: Henry ford - manufacturing cars
Highly repetitive, limited to box where you can stand, often don’t talk to others
Controlling workers: making management “scientific”
Workplace resistance and worker hostility Taylor: -sought to reduce labor-management -Time and motion studies -Scientific management
Luddite movement
“throw a wrench in it” literally
sabotage of these assembly line
Frederick motives
How can we get workers to work faster
Time and motion studies
Most efficient way to do tasks
Scientific management
Link pay to how productive you are
“piece rate”
How to manage workers
Ex: commission
