Industrialisation and Protest

Question 1

When was the Bank of England established?

Answer 1

1694

Question 2

What inventions helped industrialisation?

Answer 2

Watt’s steam engine (1769)
Arkwright’s water frame (1769)
Crompton’s Spinning Mule (1779)

Question 3

What did Adam Smith publish in 1776?

Answer 3

‘An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations’
Shortened to ‘Wealth of Nations’

Question 4

What did Adam Smith consider in his publication?

Answer 4

Economy of industrialised countries, including ideas about division of labour, productivity and free markets

Question 5

By how much did banks grow in number between 1784-1808?

Answer 5

119 to 800

Question 6

When were banks allowed to grant bank notes? How did this help banking?

Answer 6

1797- allowed banks to work on a personal level and made paying employees from a central fund easier

Question 7

When was the Unlawful Oaths Act passed? What was it?

Answer 7

1799- originally to prevent naval mutiny by making ‘oaths’ illegal

Question 8

Why did people lose faith in the Royal Mint?

Answer 8

King Charles I stole from it in 1640

Question 9

How did banking begin with goldsmiths?

Answer 9

People chose to deposit gold with smiths in return for receipts or bills pf exchange, they were later able to help with loans

Question 10

How did removing the cap on joint-stock banks help banking?

Answer 10

1826 banks grew in size and became more stable, managing greater sums of money

Question 11

Where was the first joint-stock bank?

Answer 11

1826- Lancashire

Question 12

How did banks grow more after 1833?

Answer 12

Parliamentary act allowed banks to issue cheques, which increased speed of commercial transactions

Question 13

How many joint-stock banks were there by 1866?

Answer 13

154 with 850 branches nationwide

Question 14

How did the cotton industry rely on the growth of banking?

Answer 14

Banking allowed manufacturing to grow
1761 3 million pounds of cotton imported
By 1833, was employing 833,000 and importing 300 million pounds

Question 15

How did landed aristocracy contribute to industrialisation?

Answer 15

Investment in railway and docks, which improved manufacturing capabilities
Marquess of Bute built docks at Cardiff in 1839

Question 16

By how much did the middle class grow between 1816-1831?

Answer 16

From 160,000 to 214,000 (increase of about 1/3)

Question 17

What attitude did middle class entrepreneurs have?

Answer 17

Followed Adam Smith’s principles of free trade, put emphasis on competition in markets and each aimed to dominate the market

Question 18

Who, as an example, saw great success as a self-made middle class entrepreneur?

Answer 18

Richard Arkwright, after inventing the water frame in 1769 built a cotton mill in Cromford, Derbyshire and later expanded across north England, died with £500,000 to his name

Question 19

How did the British landscape change through industrialisation?

Answer 19

Where counties with agricultural land were valued highly, cities transportation links (ie. ports: Liverpool, then canals and railways) became more important, as well as availability of coal

Question 20

What were the regional differences across the UK as a result of industrialisation?

Answer 20

North-west (eg. Manchester)- cotton and wool
North-east (eg Newcastle)- mining and shipbuilding
Midlands (eg Birmingham) - engineering
South-east (eg Kent, Sussex)- agriculture
South-west (eg Devon)- agriculture (Cornwall- tin)

Question 21

By how much had industrial cities grown by 1851?

Answer 21

29 cities with populations over 100,000, and London had population of 2.3 million

Question 22

What was back to back housing?

Answer 22

One back wall for two properties, introduced by factory owners near to factories for accommodation for industrial workers- allowed cities to grow (eg Manchester from 25,000 in 1772 to 182,000 in 1831)

Question 23

How did the governmental law impact industrialisation?

Answer 23

Laws introduced by mainly lassiez-faire government (eg Combination Acts 1799-1800 and Master and Servant Act 1823) to ensure workers were not a barrier to industrialisation

Question 24

What did the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 do?

Answer 24

Removed local council powers from oligarchies who could take control of local utilities like water and sewage, so that public works were undertaken by private companies

Question 25

What is oligarchy?

Answer 25

A small group of self-appointed individuals who hold authority

Question 26

How were the government involved in the rail network?

Answer 26

It was managed by private companies in partnership with the government so that they could acquire land and legally recognise (incorporate) the company
Railway Regulation Act of 1844 strengthened state power over the rail network

Question 27

What were some acts that the government repealed which showed that the government did not have enough interest in industrialisation?

Answer 27

1813 Statute of Artificers (had provided regulation of wages)
1826 Banking Co-partnership Act (re-limited number of joint-stock banks)
1846 Corn Laws (import restrictions)

Question 28

What were some of the acts that the government introduced that showed the government were interested in regulating industrialisation?

Answer 28

1799-1800 Combination Acts (prevented unions)

1844 Banking Charter Act (all bank notes issued by Bank of England to prevent inflation)

Question 29

What were the negative things about back to back housing?

Answer 29

Poor build quality (foundation 3 bricks deep)
Very small (four metres wide, two floors)
Very dark, very smoky (from use of oil lamps and candles)
No ventilation in ‘back’ house
Open cesspools

Question 30

How common were back to back houses?

Answer 30

2/3s of Birmingham’s population lived in them

Nottingham had 12,000 dwellings by 1841

Question 31

How many were killed in the cholera epidemic in 1831?

Answer 31

32,000 in Sunderland

Question 32

How supposedly introduced factory-style work in 1771?

Answer 32

Richard Arkwright in his Cromford mill which employed over 300

Question 33

What were the disadvantages of working in an industrial factory?

Answer 33

Lack of independence; the isolation of the type of work and noise of machines
Working week of 6 days, 14 hours long
Fines for lateness (up to two hours wage for just 10 mins)
No health or safety measures

Question 34

What danger were children in working in factories?

Answer 34

49% industrial workers under 20, were small so could scavenge beneath machinery
Martha Appleton severed fingers and lost her job as she could no longer carry out her job
1/3 of mining workers under age of 19

Question 35

When was the practise of child labour in mines ended?

Answer 35

1842 Mining Act- women and children were no longer allowed to work underground- following a Royal Commission investigation revealing women and men workedr naked

Question 36

When did the Luddite movement begin?

Answer 36

In 1811 in Nottingham

Question 37

What was the nature of the Luddite movement?

Answer 37

Following Ned Ludd, handloom weavers would send threatenhing letters to factory owners, break into factories and destroy machines for 6 years
In Nottingham 1000 frames were destroyed by 1812 costing up to £10,000
William Horsefal shot outside Huddersfield

Question 38

How did the government respond to the Luddite movement?

Answer 38

Frame Breaking Act passed 1812- made deliberate destruction of frames punishable by death
In total, after Horesfal’s death, over 14 men were executed

Question 39

When did the Swing riots begin?

Answer 39

18820 in the south of England

Question 40

Why did the Swing riots take place?

Answer 40

Followed two consecutively poor harvests
Threshing machines did work of 15 men, so where men supplemented farm work with individual threshing work, men had no opportunity to earn a wage (unemployment growing)

Question 41

What was the nature of the Swing riots?

Answer 41

Threatening letters sent to landowners, hayricks were burnt and threshing machines destroyed

Question 42

Why did the Swing riots have such an impact on the government?

Answer 42

Came from agricultural workers, it was not in their nature to stand up to the established state of things- considered docile