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History Britain > Growth of Parliamentary Democracy > Flashcards

Growth of Parliamentary Democracy Flashcards

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1
Q

What was patronage? How did it affect the House of Commons?

A

Peers sponsoring MPs, in 1761 111 new MPs financed by 55 peers, in 1801, half of 658 MPs sponsored by peers
Meant that peers could bribe/threaten MPs so corruption was introduced

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2
Q

What were the pre-reform franchise qualifications?

A

Counties: freeholder owner property worth £2/year
Boroughs: corporation (councillors); freemen; scot and lot (paid poor rates); burgage (type of rent); potwalloper (hearth size); freemen

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3
Q

What did John Cartwright setup in 1780? What did it do?

A

London Society for Constitutional Information

Call for reform, lasted 3 years

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4
Q

What did PM Pitt propose in 1785?

A

Disenfranchising 36 rotten boroughs

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5
Q

How was the British constitution different from the US constitution?

A

Was not written down or codified, so was more flexible: allowing for political change as well as corruption

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6
Q

How did the French Revolution impact Britain in terms of parliamentary democracy?

A

Some questioned Britain’s ‘rule by the rich’ model. Others defended Britain’s system which seemed to work well

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7
Q

What did Edmund Burke publish in 1780?

A

‘Reflections on the Revolution in France’

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8
Q

How did Thomas Paine respond to Edmund Burke? To what success?

A

Publishing the ‘Rights of Man’

Sold 200,000 copies within a year of its publication

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9
Q

What societies were setup in the early 1790s?

A

Sheffield Society for Constitutional Information 1791

London Corresponding Society 1792

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10
Q

How active were reform societies in the early 1790s?

A

Sheffield Society collect 10,000 signatures on petition for universal manhood suffrage 1792
London Corresponding organise a demonstration at Copenhagen Fields, Manchester, where 100,000 visited 1795

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11
Q

What were the populations of Bedfordshire and Yorkshire in 1800? How does this show unequal representation?

A

Bedfordshire- 2000
Yorkshire- 20,000
Both sent two MPs to Westminster

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12
Q

How much was Gatton ‘bought’ for in 1801? Why?

A

£90,000, so that the ‘owner’ didn’t have to face opposition in election

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13
Q

What were the Corn Laws? When were they passed?

A

1815- Restricted import of grain, to increase domestic prices for improved competition (raised price of bread)

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14
Q

Which MPs brought up issue of political reform in 1807?

A

William Cobbett and Sir Francis Burdett

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15
Q

By how much did the middle class population grow between 1816-1831?

A

160,000-214,000 increase of 1/3

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16
Q

What did William Cobbett publish in 1816?

A

‘Cobbett’s Political Register’- used to inspire call for reform

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17
Q

When were the Spa Fields, Islington riots?

A

1816

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18
Q

What/when was the March of the Blanketeers?

A

1817- 5000 weavers planned to walk to London (from Manchester) to petition to parliament for reform. Made it to Stockport (about 10 miles from Manchester)

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19
Q

Why was Jeremiah Brandreth sent to the gallows in 1817?

A

He attempted to form a rebellion in Derbyshire

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20
Q

What was the Peterloo massacre?

A

A demonstration of 60,000 to listen to Henry Hunt at Peter’s Fields, Manchester. Stopped by yeomanry and 18 people killed, plus a further 400 wounded

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21
Q

What legislation followed the Peterloo massacre?

A

the Six Acts: banned meetings of 50+, included harsh punishments (eg death for sedition), gave magistrates more power and protection etc

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22
Q

What was the Cato Street Conspiracy of 1820?

A

Under Arthur Thistlewood who was stirred up after Peterloo, a plan to assassinate cabinet members while they dined. They failed and were arrested at their Cato Street headquarters

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23
Q

What were the economic improvements in the 1820s?

A

Food prices reduced by 1/3

GDP raised by 16.8%

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24
Q

How did economic prosperity impact the government in 1820s?

A

They were more relaxed eg. Henry Hunt released from prison in 1822

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25
Q

What did Lord John Russell attempt to pass through parliament in 1822?

A

The disenfranchising of 100 boroughs

26
Q

What was made apparent in the 1826 election?

A

Division in the Tory party over the ‘Catholic Question’

27
Q

What were the problems within the Tory party in the 1829s?

A

Lord Liverpool resigns in 1827
3 different leaders within 11 months of his resignation
The passing of Catholic Emancipation by Duke of Wellington splits party into ‘ultras’ and ‘liberals’

28
Q

What was the Catholic Emancipation Act 1829?

A

Reduced restrictions imposed on Catholics by the Papist Act 1778

29
Q

When was the Birmingham Political Union set up? What was it?

A

1829
Under Thomas Attwood, created to achieve greater representation for industrial centres, mainly to improve financial reforms

30
Q

When were there particularly bad harvests in Britain? How did people show agitation?

A

1828-9- 200 petitions to government demanding tax reductions

31
Q

Who leads the Whigs as they come to power in 1830?

A

Earl Grey

32
Q

How did people show anger when the second reform bill was blocked by peers in 1831?

A

Riots in Bristol, (where within 3 days there were 130 casualties) Nottingham and Derby

33
Q

How many people were unrepresented in Manchester and Birmingham before the reform act?

A

Birmingham pop- 144,000
Manchester pop- 182,000
Both had no MPs

34
Q

What were the ‘Days of May’?

A

In anger, the public withdrew £1.8 million from banks within 10 days when the Duke of Wellington attempted to form an administration

35
Q

What were the provisions of the Great Reform Act 1832?

A 
56 boroughs disenfranchised
42 new boroughs created
Scotland got 8 more seats, Ireland 5
Counties qualification extended to more adult males
Borough qualifications made more uniform
Voters had to be registered
36
Q

By how much did the franchise increase after the Reform Act>?

A

From 366,000 to 650,000

From 11 to 18% of male adult population

37
Q

How were the new MPs distributed across Britain? Was this good?

A

120 from north, 370 from south

More in the north would have been better- where industrial cities are densely populated

38
Q

What political groups were formed in after Reform Act?

A 
Carlton Club (Tory)
Reform Club (Whig)
That aimed to improve organisation and effectiveness of both parties
39
Q

When was the London Working Men’s Association formed? Who was in it?

A

1836

Henry Heathrington and Thomas Attwood

40
Q

When did Chartism start?

A

From London Working Men’s Association, with the publication of the People’s Charter in 1838

41
Q

What were the Chartists’ Six Points?

A

Universal male suffrage (over 21s); secret ballot; no property qualification for MPs; payment for MPs; annual parliaments; equal representation

42
Q

How many signatures did the first Chartist petition get?

A

1,280,000 (1839)

43
Q

What was the ‘Sacred Month’?

A

4 weeks of strikes, protests and meetings

44
Q

When was the Newport Rising?

A

1839- part of ‘Sacred Month’

45
Q

What happened during the Newport Rising?

A

5000 miners rose up outside of Westgate Hotel in Newport, Wales where clashes with troops resulted in the death of 21 men, led by John Frost

46
Q

How many Chartists were held in prison between 1839-41?

A

500

47
Q

What was the Land Plan?

A

1845 Fergus O’Connor wanted to give working class families opportunity to own land, set up communities in rural areas

48
Q

When was the Second Chartist petition presented? How many signatures did it have?

A

1842- 3 million signatures

49
Q

When were the repeal of the Corn Laws?

A

1846

50
Q

How successful was the Land Plan by 1848?

A

Had 70,000 members within 200 communities

51
Q

What was the Kennington Common rally?

A

Demonstration with 50,000 (and 150,000 special constables) to see O’Connor present the third Chartist petition to parliament

52
Q

How many signatures did the third Chartist petition have?

A

5 million, although over half were said to be fake

53
Q

Which of the Chartists’ Six Points was passed in 1858?

A

The abolition of property qualification for MPs

54
Q

When was the ‘Cotton Famine’?

A

1861

55
Q

Why does Gladstone start fighting for reform?

A

He visits Lancashire during cotton famine, sees workers ready for the vote
Death of anti-reform PM Lord Palmerston 1865

56
Q

When were the Reform Union and Reform Leagues formed?

A

1864 and 1865

57
Q

What were the differences between the Reform Union and Reform League?

A

Union- middle class (Samuel Morely MP) wanted to extend franchise to all male rate payers; equal representation; secret ballot
League- working class (ex-Chartists) wanted universal male suffrage and a secret ballot (more radical)

58
Q

What were the Hyde Park riots?

A

In 1866, following failed reform by Gladstone, protesters wanted to meet in Hyde Park to demonstrate, meeting was declared illegal, but was carried out anyway

59
Q

What was Disraeli’s role in the Second Reform Act?

A

Persevered through resignation of 3 cabinet colleagues, and was pragmatic in his approach (not as radical as Gladstone’s suggestions)

60
Q

What were the provisions of the Second Reform Act?

A

7 boroughs disenfranchised, 45 seats taken from boroughs with under 10,000 people and redistributed (25 to counties, 20 to boroughs), 6 boroughs got an extra seat, franchise extended

61
Q

How many could vote after Disraeli’s reform act passed?

A

2.4 million

History Britain (5 decks)

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