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History Britain > Industrialisation and Protest > Flashcards

Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards

1
Q

% crop yield increased by in 18th century?

A

40%

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2
Q

How much did cattle numbers increase by between what years?

A

104 184 to 149 313 between 1867-1899

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3
Q

How many gallons of milk were imported between 1866-80?

A

7 million to 20 million

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4
Q

How many miles of turnpike road in 1836?

A

22 000

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5
Q

Who replaced post ‘boys’ on horseback with regular mail coaches?

A

John Palmer

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6
Q

How long did it take to travel from Bristol to London by 1784?

A

Down from 30hrs to 16hrs

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7
Q

How many miles of canal in 1838?

A

500 miles

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8
Q

How much did the number of passengers increase by between 1812-1836 for the Forth Clyde?

A

44 000 to 200 000

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9
Q

How many miles of track were opened by 1850?

A

6000 miles

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10
Q

How much more tonnage did canals carry than railways between Liverpool and Manchester by 1848?

A

Twice as much

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11
Q

What year did railways finally carry more tonnage than canals?

A

1867

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12
Q

What was London’s population by 1801?
% of inhabitants in Britain?

A

1 million (8% of inhabitants of Britain)

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13
Q

Population in Britain by 1850?

A

16.9 million

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14
Q

% of total population living in urban areas by 1850?

A

50%

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15
Q

How much did the population of Manchester grow by between 1775 and 1801?

A

30 000 to 84 000

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16
Q

How many furnaces were built in South Wales and Monmouthshire between what years?

A

100 furnaces
Between 1796-1806

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17
Q

% of pig iron smelted in which 5 coalfields?

A

90%
South Wales, Shropshire, South Staffordshire, South Yorkshire and Scotland

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18
Q

What was the main source of energy to power factories?

A

Steam power

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19
Q

When was the bank of England established?

A

1694

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20
Q

How many banks by 1784?

A

119

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21
Q

When were bank notes introduced?

A

1797

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22
Q

What cap was introduced to prevent the creation of larger joint stock banks?

A

Clause in the Bank of England Charter denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members

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23
Q

When was the depression which led to many banks failing?

A

1825

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24
Q

What Act restricted the issuing of notes?

A

Banking Act of 1826

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25
Q

What year was the cap on banks removed?

A

1826

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26
Q

Name and when first joint stock bank was opened?

A

Lancashire Banking Company
Oct. 1826

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27
Q

When were joint stock banks allowed to issue cheques in London?

A

1833 Act of parliament

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28
Q

What did the use of cheques allow?

A

Increased speed of commercial transactions

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29
Q

How many joint stock banks with how many branches by 1866?

A

154 joint stock banks
850 branches

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30
Q

How many workers by 1851?

A

9.7 million

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31
Q

% of workers in textiles?

A

6%

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32
Q

How much did carpenters wages increase by between 1765-95?

A

64-88%

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33
Q

How much did urban areas grow by between 1801-51?

A

23-29%

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34
Q

Fraction of children who died before first birthday?

A

3/20

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35
Q

Fraction of children who died before fifth birthday in Sheffield and Manchester in 1830s?

A

1/2

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36
Q

How much did workers employed in manufacturing increase by between 1801-71?

A

2/5 to 2/3

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37
Q

Average incomes per person in 1750?

A

£12

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38
Q

Average family income per year by 1780s?

A

£24

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39
Q

Worth of the amount of goods produced by the British in 1811? How much exported?

A

£130 million worth
£40 million worth exported

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40
Q

When did Richard Arkwright die?

A

1792

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41
Q

What was the wealth of richard Arkwright when he died?

A

£500 000

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42
Q

Who was Benjamin Gott?

A

Wool industry entrepreneur

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43
Q

How many men did Gott employ by the 1820s? What was his wealth?

A

1500 men
£100 000 wealth

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44
Q

What did Richard Crayshaw own?

A

Cyfarthfa ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil

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45
Q

How many did Crayshaw employ by 1830?

A

5000

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46
Q

What was Crayshaw’s wealth?

A

£200 000

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47
Q

How much did cotton imports increase by between 1761-1833? How many people did this employ?

A

£3 million to £300 million
Employed 883 000 people

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48
Q

How much did the middle class grow by between 1816-1831?

A

By 75% from 160 000 to 214 000

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49
Q

When were the Combination Acts? What did they do?

A

1799 and 1800
Made it illegal to form unions

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50
Q

When was the Master and Servants Act? What did it do?

A

1823
Failure of fulfilling a contract was punishable by imprisonment

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51
Q

When was the Repeal of the Statute of Artificers? What did it do?

A

1813
Regulation of wages and working conditions ended

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52
Q

What did the Banking Co Partnership of 1862 do?

A

Repealed the 1720 Bubble Act which has limited the number of joint stock banks
Allowed the market and entrepreneurs to dictate

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53
Q

When was the Repeal of the Corn Laws? What did it do?

A

1846
Removed import restrictions on the prices of corn

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54
Q

When and who invented the steam engine?

A

Invented 1698 but introduced in 1769
Thomas Savery but improved by James Watt

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55
Q

How did employers ensure a consistent workforce?

A

Built rows of cheap back-to-back housing to house workers close to factories

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56
Q

Average size of a back-to-back?

A

4m wide, one room deep and one bedroom upstairs

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57
Q

Cost of rent for front houses?

A

2s 6d per week

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58
Q

Cost of rent for ‘back’ houses?

A

1s 10d per week

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59
Q

Fraction of workers in Birmingham living in back-to-back housing?

A

2/3

60
Q

Number of back-to-back housing in Nottingham by 1841?

A

12 600

61
Q

What often happend to waste from cesspits?

A

Poorly constructed so would leak into the surrounding ground, contaminating the local water supply causing illness

62
Q

When was the first cholera outbreak? How many died?

A

Sunderland 1831
32 000 in a year

63
Q

Where were attempts made to improve the living conditions of workers?

A

Saltaire, West Yorkshire

64
Q

How did divisions in class develop in towns?

A

Poor had to live in the inner-cities which were densely packed and lack open space. The wealthy middle class moved to the outskirts with large houses and cleaner living conditions - creates resentment

65
Q

% population of urban areas increased by every decade between 1801-51?

A

27%

66
Q

What exacerbated the rise in population between 1841-51?

A

Irish immigration

67
Q

How many streets in Manchester did Chadwick inspect in his 1842 report?

A

687 streets

68
Q

How many streets were unpaved, ill-ventilated and had pools of effluence and rubbbish?

A

248 unpaved
112 ill-ventilated
252 effluence and rubbish

69
Q

How many died from typhus every year?

A

4000

70
Q

How many major outbreaks of typhoid between 1830-36?

A

4

71
Q

How many died from cholera in 1832 and 1848-49?

A

52 000 in 1832
70 000 from 1848-49

72
Q

% of children found to die before their fifth birthday in Chadwick’s report?

A

57%

73
Q

How long was a working week?

A

6 days of 14 hours

74
Q

How much were workers fined for using gas lamps when fixing machines?

A

Fined 2 shillings

75
Q

What diseases did cotton factories cause?

A

Byssinosis and bronchitis, and asthma

76
Q

What was the mining explosion in 1812? How many died?

A

Felling near Gateshead in the North East of England
92 died - age range between 8 to 65

77
Q

What disease did workers in mines get?

A

Respiratory diseases
Children had rickets from a lack of sunlight

78
Q

Women working hours in a week?

A

56 hrs in 1878

79
Q

What caused ‘phossy jaw’?

A

Women worked in match factories which used white phosphorous for the ends of matchsticks
Mouths became deformed

80
Q

% of working population under 20 by 1821?

A

49%

81
Q

Example of a child scavenger in Wigan in 1859?

A

13 year old Martha Appleton caught her fingers on a working machine and severed them
No compensation and unable to work

82
Q

Fraction of mining workforce who were children under 19 by 1842?

A

1/3

83
Q

What did the factory act of 1833 outline?

A

No children under 9 to be employed
Chlidren aged 9-12 to work a maximum of 9 hrs a day
Children aged 13-18 to work a maximum of 12 hrs a day
Break of 1.5 hrs required for meals
4 full time inspectors were to be appointed to enforce the act

84
Q

How many inspectors were there for how many mills?

A

4 isnpectors for 4000 mills

85
Q

Why did the factory act of 1833 only focus on children in textile mills?

A

Due to the influence of factory owners and the Whigs’ commitment to free trade

86
Q

What were the positives of the 1833 factory act?

A

Showed a willingness from government to recognise the negative effects of industrialisation on the general population, and an understanding that some reform was needed for the long-term success of British businesses
Also allowed for possible future reform to emerge

87
Q

When was the Mines Act?

A

1842

88
Q

Which MP attempted to introduce factory bills in 1838, 1839 and 1840? What did they all have in common?

A

Lord Ashley (Tory MP for Dorset)
All had a 10 Hour clause

89
Q

When did Robert Peel become Tory PM?

A

1841

90
Q

Who opposed the 10 Hour Bill?

A

Peel

91
Q

What did the Mines Act do?

A

Banned the underground employment of children under 10 and women too

92
Q

Which MP unsuccessfully introduced a bill to further regulate children's working hours in 1843?

A

Home Secretary Sir James Graham

93
Q

What did the Factory Act of 1844 introduce?

A

Children allowed to start work at 8 but had to work half-time and no more than 6.5 hrs a day
Night work forbidden for women
More inspector appointed to enforce laws
Children aged 13-18 and women could work a maximum 12hr day

94
Q

When was the 1844 Factory Act extended to calico printers?

A

1845

95
Q

What did the 1844 Factory Act fail to introduce?

A

No 10 hour working day
No educational clauses

96
Q

What was introduced with the 1847 Factory Act?

A

10 hour working day for all women and children

97
Q

Who helped introduce the 10 hr working day?

A

John Fielden after Lord Ashley gave up his seat to support Peel over the Corn Laws in 1846

98
Q

What was the downside to the 1847 Factory Act?

A

Many employers managed to maintain a 12hr day by managing lunch breaks and using relays to keep workers in the factories - no law about when working hours had to be worked

99
Q

When were relays made illegal?

A

1850

100
Q

What were working hours increased to as a concession to relays being made illegal?

A

10.5 hrs

101
Q

Who led the 1853 Factory Act?

A

Leonard Horner
Passed as a bill by Lord Palmerstone

102
Q

What did the 1853 Factory Act outline?

A

Restricted working hours to 6am-6pm and children were not allowed to work outside these hours
Others restricted to a 10.5 hr day - men received too as factories couldn't produce without young people and women

103
Q

When was bleaching and dyeworks added to the Factory Act?

A

1860

104
Q

When was lace work added to the Factory Act?

A

1861

105
Q

When was match making, cartridge making, paper staining and fustian cutting added to the Factory Act?

A

1864

106
Q

Who did the Factory Act get extended to in 1867?

A

All factories employing 50 or more workers

107
Q

When was the Davy lamp introduced?

A

1815

108
Q

How much did mining production increase by between 1770 and 1850?

A

6 million to 55 million tons

109
Q

How much did the length of mines increase by between the 18th century and 1850?

A

From 90m to 300m

110
Q

Which Whig was more concerned about the economy failing and so wanted reform for this reason? What did he argue?

A

Thomas Babington Macauley
- if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised

110
Q

Which Whig was more concerned about the economy failing and so wanted reform for this reason? What did he argue?

A

Thomas Babington Macauley
- if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised

111
Q

Which Whig MP opposed the 10 hr day proposed by Sadler?

A

Lord Althorp

112
Q

Where were the first Short Time Committees formed?

A

Huddersfield and Leeds

113
Q

Who made up membership in Committees?

A

Mainly spinners and weavers

114
Q

What was the aim of STC?

A

Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions to support the Hobhouse Bill and further factory legislation

115
Q

Number of petitions the Leeds STC collected in a week?

A

10 000

116
Q

STC which sent a petition to Parliament, with how many signatures?

A

Bradford STC
4000

117
Q

How many STC in 1833?

A

26

118
Q

Where were these STC found?

A

12 in Yorkshire
11 in Lancashire
2 in Scotland
1 in Nottingham

119
Q

When did the STC end?

A

1847 after the passing of the Factory Act

120
Q

Who wrote 'Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy'? When was it published?

A

Frances Trollope
1840

121
Q

Where did Trollope gain inspiration from?

A

Book on the life of Robert Blincoe and research in factories in Manchester

122
Q

What was the aim of 'Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy'?

A

Individual philanthropy is an inadequate solution to the problems of industrialisation

123
Q

When did Luddism start? What was it?

A

1811
Protestors stormed factories and broke machines (frames) starting in Nottingham

124
Q

Who was Ned Ludd?

A

Weaver who destroyed 2 knitting frames after being whipped in 1779

125
Q

How many frames were destroyed in Nottingham by 1812? How much did this cost?

A

100 000
Between £6000- £10 000

126
Q

What was introduced in 1812 to deter against Luddism?

A

Frame Breaking Act - crime punishable by death- proposed by Spencer Perceval

127
Q

How many Luddites were executed for assassinating who?

A

14 Luddites
Assassinated anti-Luddite William Horsfield

128
Q

Why was the American market closed in Feb 1811? How much did exports decline by? (Cause of Luddism)

A

American Non-Intercourse Act
Down from £11 million in 1810 to £2 million by 1811

129
Q

When did Napoleon close continental ports to British ships?

A

May 1808 causing economic backlash by 1812

130
Q

Short-term causes of Luddism?

A

Rapid unemployment and wage cuts
Failure of harvest meaning higher bread prices in August 1812

131
Q

Why were the Swing riots such a shock?

A

Agricultural workers had long been seen as docile in comparison to weavers and spinners - showed reform was necessary
Poor harvest has lead to limited money and produce

132
Q

When did the first burning of the Swing riots take place and where?

A

August 1830
Kent - spread to Yorkshire after

133
Q

How many were arrested in the Swing riots? How many were executed and acquitted?

A

1976 arrested
19 executed
800 acquitted

134
Q

Who was Richard Oastler? What did he do?

A

-Led the Ten Hours Movement
-Tory land steward from Huddersfield who was driven by humanitarian ideals and the importance of treating child workers well in order for them to grow into effective adult workers
-Main speaker at Short Time Committee meetings

135
Q

How many attended the meetings in Huddersfield and Manchester on the 10 hour movement?

A

16 000 in Huddersfield
100 000 in Manchester

136
Q

What report did Chadwick publish in 1842?

A

The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain

137
Q

How many copies did Chadwick's report sell?

A

10 000

138
Q

Who formed the Health of Towns Association?

A

Southward Smith
Aided by Chadwick

139
Q

Who introduced the first Public Health Act in Feb 1848? Why?

A

Lord Morpeth
Public pressure and typhus outbreak in 1848

140
Q

What was created by the Public Health Act?

A

Central Board of Health to oversee local boards

141
Q

What mortality rate meant a local board had to be established?

A

23 in 1000

142
Q

When were the Burial Acts?

A

1852-57

143
Q

When was the Sanitary Act?

A

1866

144
Q

Purpose of sanitary act?

A

-Sanitation inspections compulsory and records to be kept - promote improved health
-Clause for not quarantining with a contagious disease would be punishable

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