Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards
% crop yield increased by in 18th century?
40%
How much did cattle numbers increase by between what years?
104 184 to 149 313 between 1867-1899
How many gallons of milk were imported between 1866-80?
7 million to 20 million
How many miles of turnpike road in 1836?
22 000
Who replaced post ‘boys’ on horseback with regular mail coaches?
John Palmer
How long did it take to travel from Bristol to London by 1784?
Down from 30hrs to 16hrs
How many miles of canal in 1838?
500 miles
How much did the number of passengers increase by between 1812-1836 for the Forth Clyde?
44 000 to 200 000
How many miles of track were opened by 1850?
6000 miles
How much more tonnage did canals carry than railways between Liverpool and Manchester by 1848?
Twice as much
What year did railways finally carry more tonnage than canals?
1867
What was London’s population by 1801?
% of inhabitants in Britain?
1 million (8% of inhabitants of Britain)
Population in Britain by 1850?
16.9 million
% of total population living in urban areas by 1850?
50%
How much did the population of Manchester grow by between 1775 and 1801?
30 000 to 84 000
How many furnaces were built in South Wales and Monmouthshire between what years?
100 furnaces
Between 1796-1806
% of pig iron smelted in which 5 coalfields?
90%
South Wales, Shropshire, South Staffordshire, South Yorkshire and Scotland
What was the main source of energy to power factories?
Steam power
When was the bank of England established?
1694
How many banks by 1784?
119
When were bank notes introduced?
1797
What cap was introduced to prevent the creation of larger joint stock banks?
Clause in the Bank of England Charter denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members
When was the depression which led to many banks failing?
1825
What Act restricted the issuing of notes?
Banking Act of 1826
What year was the cap on banks removed?
1826
Name and when first joint stock bank was opened?
Lancashire Banking Company
Oct. 1826
When were joint stock banks allowed to issue cheques in London?
1833 Act of parliament
What did the use of cheques allow?
Increased speed of commercial transactions
How many joint stock banks with how many branches by 1866?
154 joint stock banks
850 branches
How many workers by 1851?
9.7 million
% of workers in textiles?
6%
How much did carpenters wages increase by between 1765-95?
64-88%
How much did urban areas grow by between 1801-51?
23-29%
Fraction of children who died before first birthday?
3/20
Fraction of children who died before fifth birthday in Sheffield and Manchester in 1830s?
1/2
How much did workers employed in manufacturing increase by between 1801-71?
2/5 to 2/3
Average incomes per person in 1750?
£12
Average family income per year by 1780s?
£24
Worth of the amount of goods produced by the British in 1811? How much exported?
£130 million worth
£40 million worth exported
When did Richard Arkwright die?
1792
What was the wealth of richard Arkwright when he died?
£500 000
Who was Benjamin Gott?
Wool industry entrepreneur
How many men did Gott employ by the 1820s? What was his wealth?
1500 men
£100 000 wealth
What did Richard Crayshaw own?
Cyfarthfa ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil
How many did Crayshaw employ by 1830?
5000
What was Crayshaw’s wealth?
£200 000
How much did cotton imports increase by between 1761-1833? How many people did this employ?
£3 million to £300 million
Employed 883 000 people
How much did the middle class grow by between 1816-1831?
By 75% from 160 000 to 214 000
When were the Combination Acts? What did they do?
1799 and 1800
Made it illegal to form unions
When was the Master and Servants Act? What did it do?
1823
Failure of fulfilling a contract was punishable by imprisonment
When was the Repeal of the Statute of Artificers? What did it do?
1813
Regulation of wages and working conditions ended
What did the Banking Co Partnership of 1862 do?
Repealed the 1720 Bubble Act which has limited the number of joint stock banks
Allowed the market and entrepreneurs to dictate
When was the Repeal of the Corn Laws? What did it do?
1846
Removed import restrictions on the prices of corn
When and who invented the steam engine?
Invented 1698 but introduced in 1769
Thomas Savery but improved by James Watt
How did employers ensure a consistent workforce?
Built rows of cheap back-to-back housing to house workers close to factories
Average size of a back-to-back?
4m wide, one room deep and one bedroom upstairs
Cost of rent for front houses?
2s 6d per week
Cost of rent for ‘back’ houses?
1s 10d per week
Fraction of workers in Birmingham living in back-to-back housing?
2/3
Number of back-to-back housing in Nottingham by 1841?
12 600
What often happend to waste from cesspits?
Poorly constructed so would leak into the surrounding ground, contaminating the local water supply causing illness
When was the first cholera outbreak? How many died?
Sunderland 1831
32 000 in a year
Where were attempts made to improve the living conditions of workers?
Saltaire, West Yorkshire
How did divisions in class develop in towns?
Poor had to live in the inner-cities which were densely packed and lack open space. The wealthy middle class moved to the outskirts with large houses and cleaner living conditions - creates resentment
% population of urban areas increased by every decade between 1801-51?
27%
What exacerbated the rise in population between 1841-51?
Irish immigration
How many streets in Manchester did Chadwick inspect in his 1842 report?
687 streets
How many streets were unpaved, ill-ventilated and had pools of effluence and rubbbish?
248 unpaved
112 ill-ventilated
252 effluence and rubbish
How many died from typhus every year?
4000
How many major outbreaks of typhoid between 1830-36?
4
How many died from cholera in 1832 and 1848-49?
52 000 in 1832
70 000 from 1848-49
% of children found to die before their fifth birthday in Chadwick’s report?
57%
How long was a working week?
6 days of 14 hours
How much were workers fined for using gas lamps when fixing machines?
Fined 2 shillings
What diseases did cotton factories cause?
Byssinosis and bronchitis, and asthma
What was the mining explosion in 1812? How many died?
Felling near Gateshead in the North East of England
92 died - age range between 8 to 65
What disease did workers in mines get?
Respiratory diseases
Children had rickets from a lack of sunlight
Women working hours in a week?
56 hrs in 1878
What caused ‘phossy jaw’?
Women worked in match factories which used white phosphorous for the ends of matchsticks
Mouths became deformed
% of working population under 20 by 1821?
49%
Example of a child scavenger in Wigan in 1859?
13 year old Martha Appleton caught her fingers on a working machine and severed them
No compensation and unable to work
Fraction of mining workforce who were children under 19 by 1842?
1/3
What did the factory act of 1833 outline?
No children under 9 to be employed
Chlidren aged 9-12 to work a maximum of 9 hrs a day
Children aged 13-18 to work a maximum of 12 hrs a day
Break of 1.5 hrs required for meals
4 full time inspectors were to be appointed to enforce the act
How many inspectors were there for how many mills?
4 isnpectors for 4000 mills
Why did the factory act of 1833 only focus on children in textile mills?
Due to the influence of factory owners and the Whigs’ commitment to free trade
What were the positives of the 1833 factory act?
Showed a willingness from government to recognise the negative effects of industrialisation on the general population, and an understanding that some reform was needed for the long-term success of British businesses
Also allowed for possible future reform to emerge
When was the Mines Act?
1842
Which MP attempted to introduce factory bills in 1838, 1839 and 1840? What did they all have in common?
Lord Ashley (Tory MP for Dorset)
All had a 10 Hour clause
When did Robert Peel become Tory PM?
1841
Who opposed the 10 Hour Bill?
Peel
What did the Mines Act do?
Banned the underground employment of children under 10 and women too
Which MP unsuccessfully introduced a bill to further regulate children's working hours in 1843?
Home Secretary Sir James Graham
What did the Factory Act of 1844 introduce?
Children allowed to start work at 8 but had to work half-time and no more than 6.5 hrs a day
Night work forbidden for women
More inspector appointed to enforce laws
Children aged 13-18 and women could work a maximum 12hr day
When was the 1844 Factory Act extended to calico printers?
1845
What did the 1844 Factory Act fail to introduce?
No 10 hour working day
No educational clauses
What was introduced with the 1847 Factory Act?
10 hour working day for all women and children
Who helped introduce the 10 hr working day?
John Fielden after Lord Ashley gave up his seat to support Peel over the Corn Laws in 1846
What was the downside to the 1847 Factory Act?
Many employers managed to maintain a 12hr day by managing lunch breaks and using relays to keep workers in the factories - no law about when working hours had to be worked
When were relays made illegal?
1850
What were working hours increased to as a concession to relays being made illegal?
10.5 hrs
Who led the 1853 Factory Act?
Leonard Horner
Passed as a bill by Lord Palmerstone
What did the 1853 Factory Act outline?
Restricted working hours to 6am-6pm and children were not allowed to work outside these hours
Others restricted to a 10.5 hr day - men received too as factories couldn't produce without young people and women
When was bleaching and dyeworks added to the Factory Act?
1860
When was lace work added to the Factory Act?
1861
When was match making, cartridge making, paper staining and fustian cutting added to the Factory Act?
1864
Who did the Factory Act get extended to in 1867?
All factories employing 50 or more workers
When was the Davy lamp introduced?
1815
How much did mining production increase by between 1770 and 1850?
6 million to 55 million tons
How much did the length of mines increase by between the 18th century and 1850?
From 90m to 300m
Which Whig was more concerned about the economy failing and so wanted reform for this reason? What did he argue?
Thomas Babington Macauley
- if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised
Which Whig was more concerned about the economy failing and so wanted reform for this reason? What did he argue?
Thomas Babington Macauley
- if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised
Which Whig MP opposed the 10 hr day proposed by Sadler?
Lord Althorp
Where were the first Short Time Committees formed?
Huddersfield and Leeds
Who made up membership in Committees?
Mainly spinners and weavers
What was the aim of STC?
Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions to support the Hobhouse Bill and further factory legislation
Number of petitions the Leeds STC collected in a week?
10 000
STC which sent a petition to Parliament, with how many signatures?
Bradford STC
4000
How many STC in 1833?
26
Where were these STC found?
12 in Yorkshire
11 in Lancashire
2 in Scotland
1 in Nottingham
When did the STC end?
1847 after the passing of the Factory Act
Who wrote 'Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy'? When was it published?
Frances Trollope
1840
Where did Trollope gain inspiration from?
Book on the life of Robert Blincoe and research in factories in Manchester
What was the aim of 'Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy'?
Individual philanthropy is an inadequate solution to the problems of industrialisation
When did Luddism start? What was it?
1811
Protestors stormed factories and broke machines (frames) starting in Nottingham
Who was Ned Ludd?
Weaver who destroyed 2 knitting frames after being whipped in 1779
How many frames were destroyed in Nottingham by 1812? How much did this cost?
100 000
Between £6000- £10 000
What was introduced in 1812 to deter against Luddism?
Frame Breaking Act - crime punishable by death- proposed by Spencer Perceval
How many Luddites were executed for assassinating who?
14 Luddites
Assassinated anti-Luddite William Horsfield
Why was the American market closed in Feb 1811? How much did exports decline by? (Cause of Luddism)
American Non-Intercourse Act
Down from £11 million in 1810 to £2 million by 1811
When did Napoleon close continental ports to British ships?
May 1808 causing economic backlash by 1812
Short-term causes of Luddism?
Rapid unemployment and wage cuts
Failure of harvest meaning higher bread prices in August 1812
Why were the Swing riots such a shock?
Agricultural workers had long been seen as docile in comparison to weavers and spinners - showed reform was necessary
Poor harvest has lead to limited money and produce
When did the first burning of the Swing riots take place and where?
August 1830
Kent - spread to Yorkshire after
How many were arrested in the Swing riots? How many were executed and acquitted?
1976 arrested
19 executed
800 acquitted
Who was Richard Oastler? What did he do?
-Led the Ten Hours Movement
-Tory land steward from Huddersfield who was driven by humanitarian ideals and the importance of treating child workers well in order for them to grow into effective adult workers
-Main speaker at Short Time Committee meetings
How many attended the meetings in Huddersfield and Manchester on the 10 hour movement?
16 000 in Huddersfield
100 000 in Manchester
What report did Chadwick publish in 1842?
The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain
How many copies did Chadwick's report sell?
10 000
Who formed the Health of Towns Association?
Southward Smith
Aided by Chadwick
Who introduced the first Public Health Act in Feb 1848? Why?
Lord Morpeth
Public pressure and typhus outbreak in 1848
What was created by the Public Health Act?
Central Board of Health to oversee local boards
What mortality rate meant a local board had to be established?
23 in 1000
When were the Burial Acts?
1852-57
When was the Sanitary Act?
1866
Purpose of sanitary act?
-Sanitation inspections compulsory and records to be kept - promote improved health
-Clause for not quarantining with a contagious disease would be punishable
