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History A-Level > Industrialisation and Protest > Flashcards

Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards

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1
Q

In what year was the Cotton Mills Act passed?

A

1819

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2
Q

When was the first Factory Act passed?

A

1833

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3
Q

Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act prohibit work in mills?

A

9

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4
Q

In what year was a royal commission established to investigate working conditions in mines and factories?

A

1842

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5
Q

Under what age did the 1842 Mines Act ban work in mines?

A

10

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6
Q

In what year was the second Factory Act passed?

A

1844

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7
Q

Which act introduced the 10-hour working day for children and in which year?

A

1847 Factory Act

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8
Q

What did workers in Huddersfield and Leeds establish and for what reason?

A

Short Time Committees, to get people to sign petitions in favour of a 10-hour working day

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9
Q

What movement did Short Time Committees contribute to?

A

The 10 Hours Movement

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10
Q

In 1833, how many Short Time Committees were there nationwide?

A

26

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11
Q

In which 2 counties were there 12 and 11 Short Time Committees respectively in 1833?

A

Yorkshire and Lancashire

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12
Q

Who published ‘Factory Boy’, in what year, and why was this significant?

A

Michael Armstrong, 1840. Significant because it was published in monthly instalments of 1s making it available to the working classes

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13
Q

What were agricultural riots in the south known as?

A

Swing Riots

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14
Q

In what year did the Swing Riots start?

A

1830

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15
Q

How much damage did the Swing Riots cause?

A

£600 riot damage and £100,000 arson damage

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16
Q

How many people were sentenced to death and transported as a result of the Swing Riots?

A

252 sentenced to death and 505 transported

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17
Q

What new rules did the 1844 Factory Act introduce?

A

> Children 9–13 years could work for 9 hours a day with a lunch break.
Women and young people could work for no more than 12 hours a day during the week and 9 hours on Sundays.

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18
Q

Who summarised that, if conditions were bad for children, they would be less economically productive as adults?

A

Charles Babbington

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19
Q

Who theorised that profits were made in the last hours of the day when all costs had been accounted for?

A

Nassau Senior

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20
Q

In 1821, what percentage of the workforce were under 20?

A

49%

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21
Q

Who owned New Lanark from 1799 to 1828?

A

Robert Owen

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22
Q

How long was the work day in Robert Owen’s New Lanark?

A

10.5 hours

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23
Q

What book did Robert Owen write, in which year, and what view did it distribute?

A

‘A New View of Society’ (1813), character is wholly formed by one’s environment

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24
Q

What did Robert Owen provide for children under 10 in his New Lanark mill community?

A

Full-Time structured education

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25
Q

Who led the 10 Hour Movement?

A

Richard Oastler

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26
Q

In which year did Michael Sadler MP introduce a factory reform bill to parliament?

A

1831

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27
Q

From which party was MP Michael Sadler?

A

Tory

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28
Q

Which Whig MP supported MP Michael Sadler in effecting reform?

A

MP Jon Hobhouse

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29
Q

Where did Luddite protests begin and in what year?

A

Nottingham, 1811

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30
Q

By February 1832, how many steam powered looms had been damaged by luddites, and how much was this damage worth?

A

1000 looms worth £6000-£10,000

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31
Q

Of which professions were Short Time Committees primarily comprised?

A

Spinners and weavers

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32
Q

Which MP was instrumental in bringing about the 1847 Factory Act?

A

MP John Fielden

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33
Q

In which city did children cooperate to support the 10 Hour Movement and what was their group called?

A

Manchester, The Manchester Factory Children

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34
Q

Who unsuccessfully introduced a bill to parliament regulating children’s working hours and in which year?

A

Sir James Graham, 1843

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35
Q

Why was Sir James Graham’s bill not wholly unsuccessful?

A

A modified version became the 1844 Factory Act

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36
Q

In which year did America impose an embargo on British exports of textiles?

A

1811

37
Q

By how much did the value of textile exports to America drop from 1810 to 1811?

A

£11 million in 1810 to £2 million in 1811

38
Q

How many men’s worth of work could a threshing machine replicate?

A

15

39
Q

For how many years did Luddism persist?

A

6 (1811-1816)

40
Q

Luddites managed to destroy 200 stocking frames in how many weeks?

A

3

41
Q

How did the Luddite movement overstep?

A

A mill owner was murdered by a mob

42
Q

Who proposed machine breaking be made a capital offence and in which year?

A

Spencer Perceval in 1812

43
Q

How many Luddites were executed and transported in Lancashire alone in 1812?

A

18 executed, 13 transported

44
Q

How many troops were sent to suppress Luddite active areas?

A

12,000

45
Q

Which law came into effect in 1812, making frame breaking a offence punishable by life transportation?

A

The Frame Breaking Act

46
Q

What fraction of workers nationwide lived in back to back housing?

A

2/3

47
Q

In which year did Edwin Chadwick write a report on conditions in industrial Manchester?

A

1842

48
Q

How many streets did Chadwick inspect in Manchester and how many were unpaved, ill-ventilated, or with piles of effluence respectively?

A

687 streets inspected, 248 unpaved, 122 ill-ventilated, and 252 with piles of effluence or rubbish

49
Q

How many inspectors did the 1833 Factory Act introduce for how many factories?

A

4 inspectors for 4000 factories

50
Q

How did employers circumnavigate shift limits and break requirements even after the 1833, 1844, and 1847 Factory Acts?

A

Relay Shifts

51
Q

How many banks were there in 1784 and by which year had this number reached 800?

A

119 in 1784, 800 by 1808

52
Q

In what year were county banks given permission to issue banknotes?

A

1797

53
Q

Which act restricted the issuing of banknotes and in which year?

A

1826 Banking Act

54
Q

How did Joint Stock Banks increase the scale and safety of investing?

A

They spread the risk across a larger number of investors

55
Q

In 1866, how many joint stock banks were there and how many branches had these banks opened?

A

154 banks with 850 branches

56
Q

In which year were joint stock banks permitted to issue cheques?

A

1833

57
Q

In which year was a cap restricting the issue of notes to banks with fewer than 6 members found in the Bank of England Charter lifted?

A

1826

58
Q

In 1750, how many cities had a population greater than 50,000 and which were these cities?

A

2 - London and Edinburgh

59
Q

By 1851, how many cities had a population greater than 50,000 and in how many of these was the population greater than 100,000?

A

29 >50,000
9 >100,000

60
Q

At what rate did urban areas grow year-on-year between 1801 and 1851?

A

23%-29%

61
Q

What percentage of people lived in urban areas in 1800 and by what year had this reached 80%?

A

25% in 1800, 80% by 1880

62
Q

By what percentage did Manchester’s, Glasgow’s, and Bradford’s populations grow in the 1820s respectively?

A

Manchester - 44%
Glasgow - 46%
Bradford - 69%

63
Q

What fraction of children in cities died before their first birthday?

A

3/20

64
Q

In which two cities did 1/2 of all children born in the 1830s die before their 5th birthday?

A

Sheffield and Manchester

65
Q

Between which years did the middle class grow by >50%?

A

1816-1831

66
Q

How large was the middle class in 1816 and 1831 respectively?

A

160,000 and >240,000

67
Q

In what year was the Water Frame introduced and by who?

A

1769 by Richard Arkwright

68
Q

Who combined the Water Frame and Spinning Jenny into the Spinning Mule and in which year?

A

Samuel Compton in 1779

69
Q

How much did enclosure cost per hectare / per acre?

A

£12/hectare
£5/acre

70
Q

By how much did enclosure increase crop yields?

A

40%

71
Q

What fraction of crop yield increases as a result of enclosure were due to more intensive use of the land enabled by a single landowner?

A

2/3

72
Q

How many miles of turnpikes were there in England in 1836?

A

22,000 miles

73
Q

How long did a journey between Shrewsbury and London take in 1753 and by which year had this been reduced to only 12 hours 40 mins?

A

1753, reduced by 1835

74
Q

In 1830 how many miles of turnpike were there for every mile of of navigable river and canal respectively?

A

16 miles for every mile of navigable river
8 miles for every mile of canal

75
Q

How many miles of canal had been built by 1820?

A

4000

76
Q

How many passengers used the the Glasgow, Paisley, and Ardrossan Canal in 1836?

A

363,000

77
Q

What was the first fully man-made canal called, when was it finished, and why was it built?

A

The Bridgewater Canal, opened on 17th July 1761 to transport coal to Manchester

78
Q

How many miles of railway had been opened by 1850?

A

6000

79
Q

In which year was the first passenger railway line opened and between which two cities?

A

1830 between Manchester and Liverpool

80
Q

In what year was the first railway opened in Wales and Scotland respectively?

A

1841 and 1842

81
Q

How much more track was there in 1912 than 1850?

A

300% more

82
Q

In what year was legislation introduced to prevent employers using relay shifts to circumnavigate legislation?

A

1853

83
Q

Between 1770 and 1850, by how much did mine output increase?

A

49 million from 6 million in 1770 to 55 million in 1850

84
Q

How deep was the average mine in the 18th century and to what did this increase during the 19th century?

A

90m in 1700s to 300m in 1800s

85
Q

How many hours wages could employees be docked for being 10 mins late?

A

2 hours wage

86
Q

How many people did the Cyfartha Ironworks employ in 1830?

A

5000

87
Q

Who owned the Cyfartha Ironworks?

A

Richard Crawshay

88
Q

In 1811 British manufacturers produced how much worth of goods?

A

£130 million

89
Q

How many back to back houses were in Nottingham in 1841?

A

12,600

History A-Level (6 decks)

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