Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards
In what year was the Cotton Mills Act passed?
1819
When was the first Factory Act passed?
1833
Under what age did the 1833 Factory Act prohibit work in mills?
9
In what year was a royal commission established to investigate working conditions in mines and factories?
1842
Under what age did the 1842 Mines Act ban work in mines?
10
In what year was the second Factory Act passed?
1844
Which act introduced the 10-hour working day for children and in which year?
1847 Factory Act
What did workers in Huddersfield and Leeds establish and for what reason?
Short Time Committees, to get people to sign petitions in favour of a 10-hour working day
What movement did Short Time Committees contribute to?
The 10 Hours Movement
In 1833, how many Short Time Committees were there nationwide?
26
In which 2 counties were there 12 and 11 Short Time Committees respectively in 1833?
Yorkshire and Lancashire
Who published ‘Factory Boy’, in what year, and why was this significant?
Michael Armstrong, 1840. Significant because it was published in monthly instalments of 1s making it available to the working classes
What were agricultural riots in the south known as?
Swing Riots
In what year did the Swing Riots start?
1830
How much damage did the Swing Riots cause?
£600 riot damage and £100,000 arson damage
How many people were sentenced to death and transported as a result of the Swing Riots?
252 sentenced to death and 505 transported
What new rules did the 1844 Factory Act introduce?
> Children 9–13 years could work for 9 hours a day with a lunch break.
Women and young people could work for no more than 12 hours a day during the week and 9 hours on Sundays.
Who summarised that, if conditions were bad for children, they would be less economically productive as adults?
Charles Babbington
Who theorised that profits were made in the last hours of the day when all costs had been accounted for?
Nassau Senior
In 1821, what percentage of the workforce were under 20?
49%
Who owned New Lanark from 1799 to 1828?
Robert Owen
How long was the work day in Robert Owen’s New Lanark?
10.5 hours
What book did Robert Owen write, in which year, and what view did it distribute?
‘A New View of Society’ (1813), character is wholly formed by one’s environment
What did Robert Owen provide for children under 10 in his New Lanark mill community?
Full-Time structured education
Who led the 10 Hour Movement?
Richard Oastler
In which year did Michael Sadler MP introduce a factory reform bill to parliament?
1831
From which party was MP Michael Sadler?
Tory
Which Whig MP supported MP Michael Sadler in effecting reform?
MP Jon Hobhouse
Where did Luddite protests begin and in what year?
Nottingham, 1811
By February 1832, how many steam powered looms had been damaged by luddites, and how much was this damage worth?
1000 looms worth £6000-£10,000
Of which professions were Short Time Committees primarily comprised?
Spinners and weavers
Which MP was instrumental in bringing about the 1847 Factory Act?
MP John Fielden
In which city did children cooperate to support the 10 Hour Movement and what was their group called?
Manchester, The Manchester Factory Children
Who unsuccessfully introduced a bill to parliament regulating children’s working hours and in which year?
Sir James Graham, 1843
Why was Sir James Graham’s bill not wholly unsuccessful?
A modified version became the 1844 Factory Act
In which year did America impose an embargo on British exports of textiles?
1811
By how much did the value of textile exports to America drop from 1810 to 1811?
£11 million in 1810 to £2 million in 1811
How many men’s worth of work could a threshing machine replicate?
15
For how many years did Luddism persist?
6 (1811-1816)
Luddites managed to destroy 200 stocking frames in how many weeks?
3
How did the Luddite movement overstep?
A mill owner was murdered by a mob
Who proposed machine breaking be made a capital offence and in which year?
Spencer Perceval in 1812
How many Luddites were executed and transported in Lancashire alone in 1812?
18 executed, 13 transported
How many troops were sent to suppress Luddite active areas?
12,000
Which law came into effect in 1812, making frame breaking a offence punishable by life transportation?
The Frame Breaking Act
What fraction of workers nationwide lived in back to back housing?
2/3
In which year did Edwin Chadwick write a report on conditions in industrial Manchester?
1842
How many streets did Chadwick inspect in Manchester and how many were unpaved, ill-ventilated, or with piles of effluence respectively?
687 streets inspected, 248 unpaved, 122 ill-ventilated, and 252 with piles of effluence or rubbish
How many inspectors did the 1833 Factory Act introduce for how many factories?
4 inspectors for 4000 factories
How did employers circumnavigate shift limits and break requirements even after the 1833, 1844, and 1847 Factory Acts?
Relay Shifts
How many banks were there in 1784 and by which year had this number reached 800?
119 in 1784, 800 by 1808
In what year were county banks given permission to issue banknotes?
1797
Which act restricted the issuing of banknotes and in which year?
1826 Banking Act
How did Joint Stock Banks increase the scale and safety of investing?
They spread the risk across a larger number of investors
In 1866, how many joint stock banks were there and how many branches had these banks opened?
154 banks with 850 branches
In which year were joint stock banks permitted to issue cheques?
1833
In which year was a cap restricting the issue of notes to banks with fewer than 6 members found in the Bank of England Charter lifted?
1826
In 1750, how many cities had a population greater than 50,000 and which were these cities?
2 - London and Edinburgh
By 1851, how many cities had a population greater than 50,000 and in how many of these was the population greater than 100,000?
29 >50,000
9 >100,000
At what rate did urban areas grow year-on-year between 1801 and 1851?
23%-29%
What percentage of people lived in urban areas in 1800 and by what year had this reached 80%?
25% in 1800, 80% by 1880
By what percentage did Manchester’s, Glasgow’s, and Bradford’s populations grow in the 1820s respectively?
Manchester - 44%
Glasgow - 46%
Bradford - 69%
What fraction of children in cities died before their first birthday?
3/20
In which two cities did 1/2 of all children born in the 1830s die before their 5th birthday?
Sheffield and Manchester
Between which years did the middle class grow by >50%?
1816-1831
How large was the middle class in 1816 and 1831 respectively?
160,000 and >240,000
In what year was the Water Frame introduced and by who?
1769 by Richard Arkwright
Who combined the Water Frame and Spinning Jenny into the Spinning Mule and in which year?
Samuel Compton in 1779
How much did enclosure cost per hectare / per acre?
£12/hectare
£5/acre
By how much did enclosure increase crop yields?
40%
What fraction of crop yield increases as a result of enclosure were due to more intensive use of the land enabled by a single landowner?
2/3
How many miles of turnpikes were there in England in 1836?
22,000 miles
How long did a journey between Shrewsbury and London take in 1753 and by which year had this been reduced to only 12 hours 40 mins?
1753, reduced by 1835
In 1830 how many miles of turnpike were there for every mile of of navigable river and canal respectively?
16 miles for every mile of navigable river
8 miles for every mile of canal
How many miles of canal had been built by 1820?
4000
How many passengers used the the Glasgow, Paisley, and Ardrossan Canal in 1836?
363,000
What was the first fully man-made canal called, when was it finished, and why was it built?
The Bridgewater Canal, opened on 17th July 1761 to transport coal to Manchester
How many miles of railway had been opened by 1850?
6000
In which year was the first passenger railway line opened and between which two cities?
1830 between Manchester and Liverpool
In what year was the first railway opened in Wales and Scotland respectively?
1841 and 1842
How much more track was there in 1912 than 1850?
300% more
In what year was legislation introduced to prevent employers using relay shifts to circumnavigate legislation?
1853
Between 1770 and 1850, by how much did mine output increase?
49 million from 6 million in 1770 to 55 million in 1850
How deep was the average mine in the 18th century and to what did this increase during the 19th century?
90m in 1700s to 300m in 1800s
How many hours wages could employees be docked for being 10 mins late?
2 hours wage
How many people did the Cyfartha Ironworks employ in 1830?
5000
Who owned the Cyfartha Ironworks?
Richard Crawshay
In 1811 British manufacturers produced how much worth of goods?
£130 million
How many back to back houses were in Nottingham in 1841?
12,600
