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Humanities > Industrial Revolution - Y9 exam > Flashcards

Industrial Revolution - Y9 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why did the Industrial Revolution occur?

A

PEST factors:
Social
Economic
Technological
Political

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2
Q

What were the Social & Economic factors for the start of the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Population increase
  • Urbanisation
  • Increased need for basic reasources: Housing, infastructure and food
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3
Q

What were the Technological factors for the start of the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Agricultural revolution
  • Enclosure system lobbied for by landowners in 1740
  • Changes in agriculture meant fewer labourers were needed
  • Labourers went in search for work in the cities, leading to urbanisation
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4
Q

What was the open field system and how long was it used for?

A

Open field system was used from the medieval period to the 1740’s
- Land divided into three fields, fields divided into strips
- Villagers each used one strip of land
- Common land that everyone could use
- Inefficient - time and land wasted

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5
Q

What was the enclosure system and when was it lobbied for?

A

Enclosure system lobbied for by landowners in 1740
- Land closed off by hedges or fences
- Villagers given the same amount of land as their strips
- More efficient
- Tenant farmers evicted
- Farmers that couldn’t prove ownership lost their land and right to access common land

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6
Q

What were the Politcial factors for the start of the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Britain had a strong and stable government
  • Gave people confidence to invest in business
  • Britain’s large empire gave them access to raw materials needed in industry
  • Britain’s colonies only traded with Britain, increasing its wealth and power
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7
Q

Mercantilism Definiton

A

A system of profitable trading based on the idea that increasing exports would increase a nation’s power

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8
Q

What other factors contributed to the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • The Enlightenment
  • Capitalism
  • Inventions
  • Sources of power
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9
Q

What was The Enlightenment?

A
  • Thinking became based on reason rather than religious belief
  • The purpose of government was to protect life, liberty and property
    • This thinking strongly influenced the American and French Revolutions
  • New ideas about economics played an important role in the Industrial Revolution
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10
Q

How did capitalism contribute to the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Factories developed
  • Financial risks were taken by private entrepreneurs that the government couldn’t take
  • Britain had raw materials needed for industrialisation - coal
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11
Q

How did inventions contribute to the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Small ‘cottage’ businesses couldn’t keep up with demand with the growing population
  • Inventions were created to speed up production
  • Spinning jenny created - could spin 8 threads at once rather than just one
  • Spinning frame created - larger and powered by water which created stronger thread
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12
Q

How did sources of power contribute to the Industrial Revolution?

A

Use of steam power over human and horse power

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13
Q

Who invented the Spinning Jenny and when?

A

1764 - invention of spinning jenny by James Hargreaves

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14
Q

Who invented the Spinning Frame and when?

A

1769 - invention of spinning frame by Richard Arkwrite

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15
Q

Capitalism Definition

A

A political and economic system where private individuals and companies own property and goods, rather than the government; the companies or individuals then compete to make a profit

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16
Q

How did industrialisation change how people worked?

A
  • Working Conditions
  • Factories
  • Mines
  • Child labour reform
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17
Q

How did working conditions impact industrialisation?

A
  • Unlike human labour, machines didn’t need sunlight, and the work wasn’t as hard, so working hours increased
  • Workers paid very low wages
  • Dangerous working conditions, no government regulation
  • Accidents were common, death rates high
  • Women & children were cheap labour
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18
Q

How did factories impact industrialisation?

A
  • They made everything faster and cheaper
  • Children employed, cheap labour, small and agile
  • Orphans were sent to factories
  • Few rights, no protection
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19
Q

How did mines impact industrialisation?

A
  • Brought coal to the surface to run steam machines that made the factories work
  • Children opened and closed doors in mines
  • Other children carried coal to surface
  • Many suffered physical deformities
20
Q

How did child labour reform impact industrialisation?

A
  • Factory act passed to improve conditions for children working in factories
  • A report showed how what was happening to children in factories and mines, which shocked society
21
Q

When was the Factory Act passed?

A

1833

22
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution change living conditions?

A
  • Buildings
  • Sanitation
23
Q

How did buildings change living conditions during the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Building companies made small narrow houses to make the most profit
  • Towns and cities were built fast and without proper government supervision
  • Houses had no running water or indoor toilets
24
Q

How did sanitation change living conditions during the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Toilets were shared, and waste collected in pits
  • Pits overflowed, contaminating drinking water, which lead to disease
  • Most people lacked proper clothing, a bed, food or fire
  • Public health act passed in response to severe cholera epidemic
25
Q

When was the Public Health Act passed?

A

1848

26
Q

Who challenged the status quo?

A
  • Robert Owen
  • Friedrich Engels
  • Mary Wollstonecraft
  • Charles Darwin
27
Q

Who was Robert Owen and what did he do?

A
  • Factory owner
  • Advocate for socialism
  • Believed in looking after welfare of workers
  • Highly critical of child labour
  • Set up school for children to attend
  • Physical punishments banned
  • Provided workers with housing, and gave them access to doctors
  • His factory was a success
28
Q

Who was Friedrich Engels and what did he do?

A
  • German philosopher
  • Socialist
  • Co-authored the Communist Manifesto
29
Q

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft and what did she do?

A
  • Lacked formal education
  • Became a major British writer and philosopher
  • Advocated for equality and education for women
  • Wrote a book that led to the establishment of many women’s rights groups across Europe and North America
30
Q

Who was Charles Darwin and what did he do?

A
  • Published On The Origin of Species - his theories of evolution
  • English clergy were threatened
  • Darwin theorised different species evolved to suit their environment
  • Called this natural selection
  • Theory shocked the church as they believed God created all plants and animals
31
Q

Socialism Definition

A

A political and economic system in which communities control businesses and industry for the benefit of their members

32
Q

What groups fought for social and political change?

A
  • Women’s suffrage movement
  • Trade unions
  • Chartists
  • Luddites
33
Q

What was the women’s suffrage movement about?

A
  • Once married, legal rights transferred to husband
  • Women fought for suffrage - right to vote
34
Q

What was the Trade Unions movement about?

A
  • British government banned trade unions
  • Workers still met together to fight for better working conditions
  • Trade union movement grew throughout the 19th century
35
Q

Who were the Chartists?

A
  • Movement in Britain that demanded working class men have the right to vote
  • Chartists petition of 1842 rejected
  • By 1884 two-thirds of all men could vote
  • 1918 - suffrage bill for all men passed
36
Q

Who were the Luddites?

A
  • Objected to the use of machinery in the textile industry
  • 1811-1817 the Luddites smashed weaving machines
  • As a result, the British government made it a capital crime to wreck machines.
37
Q

“Am I not a man and a brother?”

A
  • Slavery existed before the Industrial Revolution but it ramped up during it
  • Manufactured goods such as guns were traded with African Kings for slaves
  • African populations fell dramatically as young, healthy children were taken to be slaves
  • The journey between Africa and America known as the middle passage and took about 5 weeks
  • Outbreaks of disease killed many slaves on the ship
  • Horrible conditions - chained together, crammed into tiny spaces
  • Slaves considered property, sold at auction
  • Slaves not sold were left to die on the waterfront
    Abolition movement:
  • The Society for Effecting the Abolition of Slave Trade was formed in 1787
  • British government banned the sale of slaves in 1807, but slavery wasn’t banned for another 36 years
38
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the environment?

A
  • Deforestation
  • Air pollution
  • Water pollution
39
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution cause deforestation?

A
  • Forests cleared for timber and farming land at the start of the Revolution
  • Land cleared for factories and urban development later in the Revolution
  • Deforestation can lead to land degradation, erosion and loss of habitat
    Increases risks of natural disasters - flooding and landslides
40
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution increase Air pollution?

A
  • Steam powered machines needed coal to be used
  • This greatly increased air pollution
  • The smoke from the mines mixed with fog, creating a deadly smog
  • Smog led to traffic accidents and death of animals, and eventually death of many people
41
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution increase Water pollution?

A
  • Lack of sanitation led to water pollution
  • This led to dangerous epidemics
  • Waste from factories contaminated water
42
Q

Why was Australia riding on the sheep’s back?

A
  • Gold and Industry
  • Wool industry
  • Railways in Australia
43
Q

Gold and Industry in Australia

A
  • Gold rush brought many to Australia
  • After surface had run out, people started mining
  • This aided the development, creating cities such as Ballarat
44
Q

Wool industry in Australia

A
  • Sheep introduced to Australia
  • Australia exporting 30 tonnes of wool per year by 1815
  • This is why Australia was ‘riding on the sheep’s back’
45
Q

Railways in Australia

A
  • Where railways went, towns prospered
  • Social and economic links developed within Australia

Humanities (2 decks)

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