Industrial Revolution medicine 1700-1900

Question 1

What ideas did people stop believing caused disease in the industrial period?

Answer 1

-the four humours
-supernatural beliefs
-god causing illness (less popular anyway)

Question 2

What idea on what caused disease continued to the industrial period?

Answer 2

Miasma

Question 3

What were new ideas about the causes of disease?

Answer 3

-spontaneous generation (due to microscopes being able to see bacteria on decaying items) only believed by scientists
-the germ theory;proved spontaneous generation wrong

Question 4

Who was Louis Pasteur?

Answer 4

He came up with the Germ Theory

Question 5

What was Pasteurs (correct) theory?

Answer 5

1. Microbes in the air cause decay and disease
2. The air is full of microbes
3. Microbes can be killed by heating them (pasteurisation)

Question 6

What was Louis Pasteurs impact on medicine?

Answer 6

Made a huge discovery but had little impact at the time as doctors like Henry Bastian refused to accept the idea.

Question 7

Who was Robert Koch?

Answer 7

He developed Pasteurs ideas to discover different types of bacteria.
Discovered the bacteria that caused Anthrax in 1876 (first time anyone identified a specific microbe that causes a specific disease)

Question 8

How did Koch make his discoveries?

Answer 8

*It involved growing bacteria using agar jelly and a petri dish
*This would grow ‘cultures’ of pure bacteria, allowing Koch to identify specific bacteria causing disease

Question 9

What was Robert Kochs impact?

Answer 9

-He invented a method to grow and stain bacteria to make them easy to identify.
-Doctors now began to seek ways to attack the microbes that cause disease rather than just the symptoms.
-He inspired other scientists
His methods are still used today

Question 10

What was the impact of the germ theory?

Answer 10

-Solved the ideas on what caused disease which was a huge breakthrough, despite not everyone, including the British government, believing it
-scientist now look at preventing disease, causing microbes, meaning, new treatments could be developed
-The Germ theory affected almost everything in medicine

Question 11

What did Joseph Lister discover after the Germ Theory developed?

Answer 11

Carbolic acid (1865) as an antiseptic
(Meaning a reduction in death rates from infection due to surgery)

Question 12

How did the germ theory impact hospitals and care?

Answer 12

-Lead large windows ,well ventilated rooms and clean surfaces.
-Nurses and doctors now began to wash their hands, wash their clothing and use sterilised equipment and clothing in treatment and care.

Question 13

What was the impact of the germ theory on preventing disease?

Answer 13

– Allowed the development of vaccinations ,from the work of Jenner

Question 14

What were some of the early problems in hospitals in the industrial period?

Answer 14

• High death rates from infection
• Few toilets and sewage systems
• Untrained nurses
• Uncleaned equipment, wards and operating
  theatres
• Doctors/nurses did not wash their hands
  As a result, hospitals in the early part of the Industrial

Question 15

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Answer 15

A nurse who worked at Kings College Hospital
In 1854 she also convinced the government to send her and the 38 nurses to help during the Crimean War

Question 16

What did Florence nightingale focus on?

Answer 16

Cleaning hospitals ,improving hygiene and eating good food

Question 17

What was the impact of Nightingale?

Answer 17

Design of hospital- sanitation, ventilation, supplies (food+clothing)
Training nurses- 1859 wrote notes on nursing and 1963 notes on hospitals which were the basis for training nurses
She also established the Nightingale school for Nurses 1860 (nursing became ,more respectable

Question 18

What was a continuity in hospital care during the industrial period?

Answer 18

Remained expensive, only the rich could afford so many were still treated at home

Question 19

Pharmacies and new medicines during the industrial period?

Answer 19

First pill medicine (1844)
Alternative cures eg electrical shocks with animal hormones + harmful substances

Question 20

What was surgery like at the start of the 18th century?

Answer 20

-There was no anaesthetic to stop pain, some did use opium.
-Pain caused death by shock or by bleeding out after quick surgery.
-no effective ways to stop bleeding out on the surgery table.
-Despite some talented surgeons, most surgery was completed in dirty conditions, with the tools and clothing never being cleaned. This spread infection and death.

Question 21

What was one way surgery progressed in the 19th century?

Answer 21

1847 JAMES SIMPOSON discovered CHLOROFORM which could be used to make patients unconscious in surgery (queen victoria gave it her blessing after the birth of her son ,1853 and was even knighted)
It now allowed for deeper surgeries to take place
HOWEVER,chloroform had serious risks like overdose +didn’t help with blood loss that got worse during complex surgery