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10th Grade History Final > Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

Industrial Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

Main idea

A

IR started in England and soon spread elsewhere.

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2
Q

Relevance

A

Changes began in England paved way for modern industrial societies

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3
Q

What did large landowners do beginning in early 1700s

A

Improve farming methods and setting enclosures, impacting poor farmers

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4
Q

IR impact: environment negative

A

pollution, overcrowded, crime, disease, dirty water, homelessness,bad farming land

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5
Q

IR Impact: Environment: positive

A

canals, more night lights, water power for factories

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6
Q

IR impact: social negatives

A

alcoholism, increased suicide rate, disease, overcrowded living conditions, homelessness, tenements

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7
Q

IR impact: social positives

A

theaters, schools, rise of middle class

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8
Q

IR Impact: economic negatives

A

crime, loss of male jobs, more poor people, decreased farming, jail

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9
Q

IR impacts: Economic positives

A

more jobs, stores, coal mines, transport of goods, schools provide more training

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10
Q

IR impact : Tech negatives

A

pollution, no child labor laws, job accidents and injuries, less children attend school, unemployed farmers, lack of city planning

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11
Q

IR impact: tech positives

A

street lights, faster production rates, new forms of transport, iron products, new forms of energy and power

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12
Q

Planning quote

A

Those who fail to plan plan to fail

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13
Q

Study Joseph Wright’s painting

A

Wright (for his exploration of new inventions) painted night pieces-strong contrast of light and darkness
Kids were scared

Blacksmith and family bathed in warm light cast by forged white hot iron bar
Owner Arms folded, proud, looking at wife and kids
Power driven machinery of the forge is as much the hero as the iron founder himself
Owners father himself once a smith and link to methods of past
Daughters look scared
Water powered hammer saves much of effort the father had to exert, where the blacksmith himself used to wield hammer

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14
Q

What kind of transition was the IR

A

IR-shift , starting in 18c England from making goods by hand to making by machine
Shift from human and animal (muscle) power to machine power
Long and slow process, unlike most political revolutions

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15
Q

Two new farming revolutions

A

Seed drill and crop rotation

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16
Q

Who invented the seed drill? What was it?

A

Jethro Tull, deposited seeds in rows instead of wastefully scattering them

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17
Q

Crop rotation

A

Harvest from each type of a plant-if you plant the same plant in the same place every year it loses nutrients so you must rotate

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18
Q

Effects of agricultural revolution

A

Agriculture production increases
Food costs drop
Increase of food helps create rapid growth
Large farm, machinery, scientific method begins to dominate agriculture forming became a big business

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19
Q

Why did the IR happen in England?

A

They had a large labor population and extensive national resources, as well as economic strength

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20
Q

England national resources

A

Coal as fuel-3x more effective energy than wood
Iron to construct machines, tools, buildings
Rivers for water power and inland transport

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21
Q

Entrepreneur

A

person who takes on financial risk to organize and operate a business

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22
Q

How did England’s political stability give it an advantage over neighbors?

A

No wars on British soil @ the time, and they had all the factors of production

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23
Q

Production factors

A

Land, labor, capital

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24
Q

Land

A

all resources–mined plants, animals (not just real estate)

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25
Labor
All human capabilities, mental + physical
26
Capital
All human creations that produce wealth
27
Flying Shuttle
1733, John Kay, sped up weaving and increased production power
28
Spinning Jenny
1764, James Hargreaves, made it possible to spin several threads @ once, mechanizing the spinning wheel
29
Water Frame
1769, Sir Richard Arkwright, water powered spinning machine increased rapidity
30
Spinning Mule
1779, Samuel Crompton, combo of spinning jenny and water frame produced strong thread and spurred invention of better weaving machines
31
Power Loom
1787, Edmund Cartwright, water-powered loom provided rapid and automatic weaving
32
Cotton Gin
1793, Eli Whitney, quick method of separating seed from cotton fiber increased supply of cotton for factories
33
Factory
place in which workers and machines are brought together to mass produce large quantities of goods
34
Where were most factories built? Why?
needed waterpower-->built near rivers, streams, etc
35
Where did England's cotton come from in the 1790s?
American Southern plantations
36
How did the Cotton Gin affect slavery?
propelled need for labor, slaves--more people needed to maintain the cotton, so slaves worked on cotton plantations
37
What would happen to a slave who survived across the Atlantic?
put on the auction block, whipped, separated from their family
38
Three revolutionary steam-based transportation inventions
Steam engine, steamboat, railroad
39
Why could slaves never win picking cotton?
They would be beaten if not everything was perfect
40
How much break time were slaves given? What were they fed?
10 min in afternoon, cold bacon
41
What new source of energy was harnessed?
coal
42
What was coal used for?
steam powered things, including railroad
43
What changes did railroads bring?
1. Thousands of jobs were created, mostly chinese 2. cheaper, faster transport 3. increased trade 4. new towns born 5. standardized time established and eventually legalized
44
First standardized time company (local v. railway time)
British GWR (great western railway)
45
Why was standardized time necessary for railroad?
nonstandard would screw up schedules and cause accidents--time unites world
46
How was William Huskisson killed? Who was he?
No standardized time--he was killed by an unexpected train coming at the opening of Liverpool & Manchester. President of Britain's board of trade
47
Liverpool and Manchester
first public steam railway,
48
How many people at first public steam railway opening
800
49
Main idea industrialization
Factory system changed way people lived and worked,causing a bunch of problems
50
Relevance of industrialization
difficult process of industrialization is being repeated in many less developed countries today, such as African countries
51
Where did Charles Dickens draw inspiration for Oliver Twist
12yr old Dickens worked 10hr days @ Warren Blacking's Warehouse for 6shillings a week to paste labels on jars of shoe polish
52
Oliver Twist point
revealed horrors of factory work and life in slums of England during industrialization
53
What did IR eventually lead to?
better quality of life for most, but the change in the machine production also caused suffering
54
urbanization
growth of cities and migration of people into them
55
How did industrialization change ways of life
population shift from rural (where they had lived for centuries) to urban areas with sucky living conditions
56
Population change in European urban areas
doubled
57
Working conditions industrialization
many new jobs created, factories dirty, dangerous, long hours, harsh discipline. Long term effect-higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions
58
industrialization social classes
Factory workers overworked, underpaid, overseers and skilled workers became lower middle class, while factory owners and merchants formed upper middle class. upper class resented those in middle class who became richer.
59
Long term effect social classes industrialization
living standard generally rose
60
industrialization size of cities
job seekers came to cities. urban areas would x2, 3 or 4. LTE suburbs grew when people left crowded cities
61
industrialization living conditions
cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls. housing/social services/water scarce. epidemics raged. LTE Housing diet clothing improved
62
What happened to the Irwell River in manchester as a result of the factories
polluted
63
Mary Barton
debut novel by British Elizabeth Gaskell, set in late 1840s manchester. deals heavily w lower class difficulties
64
Possible visuals-cartoon 1850s cholera epidemic
death's dispensary
65
possible visuals-joseph wright painting
An Iron Forge
66
possible visuals-5 inventions
flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, power loom, spinning mule
67
possible visuals-seed drill
ok
68
possible visuals-steam boat/railway/william huskisson
ok
69
how might factory owner justify harsh conditions?
not slaves-they can leave. also, they're no diff from other factories.
70
What resulted from factory owners attitudes?
child labor
71
living condition
tenements(no sanitary/building/fire codes,) lack of police protection dark, dirty, high poverty levels, huge families--no birth control, common cholera epidemics
72
A Court for King Cholera
overcrowded buildings, searching thru garbage and playing in it, dirty travelers share lodging houses, child chimney sweep, kid playing w dead rat
73
Worker's compensation--did they have it?
insurance providing wage replacement for employees injured @ work. none.
74
Striking about factory work child labor philly
late hours
75
why is a pic of a girl picking cotton emotional
barefoot, young, full bag
76
How many breaks would a kid get? how were sleepy kids kept awake? How many hours?
1, whippings, 5-11
77
why mining related jobs so dangerous
underground--bad air, could be crushed, fall down shaft
78
How was J Birley treated as a child laborer
long hours, beaten often
79
Why didnt Birley tell inspectors the truth
fear of boss
80
Why did Baines write the article
defense of factories
81
What's Baines main premise on abuse
exception, not rule--isolated incidents, not enough for public to step in
82
What did wealthy merchants/factory owners build?
fancy suburban homes
83
What class did wealthy merchants/factory owners make up?
growing middle class
84
what did the growing middle class revolutionize?
social structure of Great Britain
85
How did sinking of titanic affect attitudes
Affected trust in machinery and tech--T represented greatness of man made machinery and was called unsinkable. when it sank, the world was shocked and disillusioned.
86
titanic
sank on maiden voyage from southampton to nyc, "ocean of dreams" "unsinkable ship" "God himself" 4/16/1912 1500 died
87
How were first class trains depicted?
well dressed, comfortable accommodations, personal space, composed
88
How were second class trains depicted?
crowded, less formal dress, animated
89
How were third class trains depicted?
rough clothes, no roof, jammed in, discomfort, wild behavior
90
people onboard v lifeboats-titanic.
2224 passengers, 20 lifeboats--enough for 1178 people
91
people onboard v lifeboats-titanic.
2224 passengers, 20 lifeboats--enough for 1178 people
92
percentages of men survival titanic
33% class 1, 8% class 2, 16% class 3, 21% crew, 20% total
93
percentages of women survival titanic
97% class 1, 86% class 2, 46% class 3, 91% crew, 75% total
94
percentages of children survival titanic
86% class 1, 100% class 2, 31% class 3, 50% total
95
percentages of classes survival titanic
62% class 1, 42% class 2, 25% class 3, 23% crew, 32% total
96
What was the lifeboat policy on titanic?
women and children first
97
Why did sinking of T produce criticism of treatment of third class?
their lives were valued less. some say they were gated in til lifeboats were gone, some say capt held them below deck to avoid lifeboat mob scene.
98
steerage
3rd class
99
Luddites
frustrated workers watching their livelihood disappearing bc of tech would riot, smashing machines, burning factories
100
Luddites namesake
Ned Ludd, mythically destroyed machines in 1780s
101
Govt reaction
harsh. would hang and punish them and send soldiers against them. strikes and labor unions outlawed.
102
How was England economically strong
expanding economy to support industrialization; bank loans=investment in new machinery
103
steamship
Robert Fulton, 1807, sped up shipping and lowered costs
104
Solomon Northup
Author of 12Yr a Slave
105
12Yr a Slave
description of cotton picking child labor slavery conditions
106
advantages of Manchester
ready access to water power, available labor from nearby countryside and outlet to sea @ liverpool
107
Manchester businesspeople
pocketed $
108
Children in Manchester (case study) conditions
7AM-8PM, beatings, 30min lunc 60min dinner, injured often
109
Manchester environmental result
pollution
110
Doc C
John Birley, child laborer
111
Doc D
Edward Baines, journalist

10th Grade History Final (3 decks)

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