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10th Grade History Final > Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Main idea

A

IR started in England and soon spread elsewhere.

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2
Q

Relevance

A

Changes began in England paved way for modern industrial societies

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3
Q

What did large landowners do beginning in early 1700s

A

Improve farming methods and setting enclosures, impacting poor farmers

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4
Q

IR impact: environment negative

A

pollution, overcrowded, crime, disease, dirty water, homelessness,bad farming land

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5
Q

IR Impact: Environment: positive

A

canals, more night lights, water power for factories

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6
Q

IR impact: social negatives

A

alcoholism, increased suicide rate, disease, overcrowded living conditions, homelessness, tenements

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7
Q

IR impact: social positives

A

theaters, schools, rise of middle class

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8
Q

IR Impact: economic negatives

A

crime, loss of male jobs, more poor people, decreased farming, jail

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9
Q

IR impacts: Economic positives

A

more jobs, stores, coal mines, transport of goods, schools provide more training

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10
Q

IR impact : Tech negatives

A

pollution, no child labor laws, job accidents and injuries, less children attend school, unemployed farmers, lack of city planning

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11
Q

IR impact: tech positives

A

street lights, faster production rates, new forms of transport, iron products, new forms of energy and power

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12
Q

Planning quote

A

Those who fail to plan plan to fail

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13
Q

Study Joseph Wright’s painting

A

Wright (for his exploration of new inventions) painted night pieces-strong contrast of light and darkness
Kids were scared

Blacksmith and family bathed in warm light cast by forged white hot iron bar
Owner Arms folded, proud, looking at wife and kids
Power driven machinery of the forge is as much the hero as the iron founder himself
Owners father himself once a smith and link to methods of past
Daughters look scared
Water powered hammer saves much of effort the father had to exert, where the blacksmith himself used to wield hammer

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14
Q

What kind of transition was the IR

A

IR-shift , starting in 18c England from making goods by hand to making by machine
Shift from human and animal (muscle) power to machine power
Long and slow process, unlike most political revolutions

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15
Q

Two new farming revolutions

A

Seed drill and crop rotation

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16
Q

Who invented the seed drill? What was it?

A

Jethro Tull, deposited seeds in rows instead of wastefully scattering them

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17
Q

Crop rotation

A

Harvest from each type of a plant-if you plant the same plant in the same place every year it loses nutrients so you must rotate

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18
Q

Effects of agricultural revolution

A

Agriculture production increases
Food costs drop
Increase of food helps create rapid growth
Large farm, machinery, scientific method begins to dominate agriculture forming became a big business

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19
Q

Why did the IR happen in England?

A

They had a large labor population and extensive national resources, as well as economic strength

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20
Q

England national resources

A

Coal as fuel-3x more effective energy than wood
Iron to construct machines, tools, buildings
Rivers for water power and inland transport

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21
Q

Entrepreneur

A

person who takes on financial risk to organize and operate a business

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22
Q

How did England’s political stability give it an advantage over neighbors?

A

No wars on British soil @ the time, and they had all the factors of production

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23
Q

Production factors

A

Land, labor, capital

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24
Q

Land

A

all resources–mined plants, animals (not just real estate)

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25
Q

Labor

A

All human capabilities, mental + physical

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26
Q

Capital

A

All human creations that produce wealth

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27
Q

Flying Shuttle

A

1733, John Kay, sped up weaving and increased production power

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28
Q

Spinning Jenny

A

1764, James Hargreaves, made it possible to spin several threads @ once, mechanizing the spinning wheel

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29
Q

Water Frame

A

1769, Sir Richard Arkwright, water powered spinning machine increased rapidity

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30
Q

Spinning Mule

A

1779, Samuel Crompton, combo of spinning jenny and water frame produced strong thread and spurred invention of better weaving machines

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31
Q

Power Loom

A

1787, Edmund Cartwright, water-powered loom provided rapid and automatic weaving

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32
Q

Cotton Gin

A

1793, Eli Whitney, quick method of separating seed from cotton fiber increased supply of cotton for factories

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33
Q

Factory

A

place in which workers and machines are brought together to mass produce large quantities of goods

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34
Q

Where were most factories built? Why?

A

needed waterpower–>built near rivers, streams, etc

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35
Q

Where did England’s cotton come from in the 1790s?

A

American Southern plantations

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36
Q

How did the Cotton Gin affect slavery?

A

propelled need for labor, slaves–more people needed to maintain the cotton, so slaves worked on cotton plantations

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37
Q

What would happen to a slave who survived across the Atlantic?

A

put on the auction block, whipped, separated from their family

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38
Q

Three revolutionary steam-based transportation inventions

A

Steam engine, steamboat, railroad

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39
Q

Why could slaves never win picking cotton?

A

They would be beaten if not everything was perfect

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40
Q

How much break time were slaves given? What were they fed?

A

10 min in afternoon, cold bacon

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41
Q

What new source of energy was harnessed?

A

coal

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42
Q

What was coal used for?

A

steam powered things, including railroad

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43
Q

What changes did railroads bring?

A
  1. Thousands of jobs were created, mostly chinese 2. cheaper, faster transport 3. increased trade 4. new towns born 5. standardized time established and eventually legalized
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44
Q

First standardized time company (local v. railway time)

A

British GWR (great western railway)

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45
Q

Why was standardized time necessary for railroad?

A

nonstandard would screw up schedules and cause accidents–time unites world

46
Q

How was William Huskisson killed? Who was he?

A

No standardized time–he was killed by an unexpected train coming at the opening of Liverpool & Manchester. President of Britain’s board of trade

47
Q

Liverpool and Manchester

A

first public steam railway,

48
Q

How many people at first public steam railway opening

A

800

49
Q

Main idea industrialization

A

Factory system changed way people lived and worked,causing a bunch of problems

50
Q

Relevance of industrialization

A

difficult process of industrialization is being repeated in many less developed countries today, such as African countries

51
Q

Where did Charles Dickens draw inspiration for Oliver Twist

A

12yr old Dickens worked 10hr days @ Warren Blacking’s Warehouse for 6shillings a week to paste labels on jars of shoe polish

52
Q

Oliver Twist point

A

revealed horrors of factory work and life in slums of England during industrialization

53
Q

What did IR eventually lead to?

A

better quality of life for most, but the change in the machine production also caused suffering

54
Q

urbanization

A

growth of cities and migration of people into them

55
Q

How did industrialization change ways of life

A

population shift from rural (where they had lived for centuries) to urban areas with sucky living conditions

56
Q

Population change in European urban areas

A

doubled

57
Q

Working conditions industrialization

A

many new jobs created, factories dirty, dangerous, long hours, harsh discipline. Long term effect-higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions

58
Q

industrialization social classes

A

Factory workers overworked, underpaid, overseers and skilled workers became lower middle class, while factory owners and merchants formed upper middle class. upper class resented those in middle class who became richer.

59
Q

Long term effect social classes industrialization

A

living standard generally rose

60
Q

industrialization size of cities

A

job seekers came to cities. urban areas would x2, 3 or 4. LTE suburbs grew when people left crowded cities

61
Q

industrialization living conditions

A

cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls. housing/social services/water scarce. epidemics raged. LTE Housing diet clothing improved

62
Q

What happened to the Irwell River in manchester as a result of the factories

A

polluted

63
Q

Mary Barton

A

debut novel by British Elizabeth Gaskell, set in late 1840s manchester. deals heavily w lower class difficulties

64
Q

Possible visuals-cartoon 1850s cholera epidemic

A

death’s dispensary

65
Q

possible visuals-joseph wright painting

A

An Iron Forge

66
Q

possible visuals-5 inventions

A

flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, power loom, spinning mule

67
Q

possible visuals-seed drill

A

ok

68
Q

possible visuals-steam boat/railway/william huskisson

A

ok

69
Q

how might factory owner justify harsh conditions?

A

not slaves-they can leave. also, they’re no diff from other factories.

70
Q

What resulted from factory owners attitudes?

A

child labor

71
Q

living condition

A

tenements(no sanitary/building/fire codes,) lack of police protection dark, dirty, high poverty levels, huge families–no birth control, common cholera epidemics

72
Q

A Court for King Cholera

A

overcrowded buildings, searching thru garbage and playing in it, dirty travelers share lodging houses, child chimney sweep, kid playing w dead rat

73
Q

Worker’s compensation–did they have it?

A

insurance providing wage replacement for employees injured @ work. none.

74
Q

Striking about factory work child labor philly

A

late hours

75
Q

why is a pic of a girl picking cotton emotional

A

barefoot, young, full bag

76
Q

How many breaks would a kid get? how were sleepy kids kept awake? How many hours?

A

1, whippings, 5-11

77
Q

why mining related jobs so dangerous

A

underground–bad air, could be crushed, fall down shaft

78
Q

How was J Birley treated as a child laborer

A

long hours, beaten often

79
Q

Why didnt Birley tell inspectors the truth

A

fear of boss

80
Q

Why did Baines write the article

A

defense of factories

81
Q

What’s Baines main premise on abuse

A

exception, not rule–isolated incidents, not enough for public to step in

82
Q

What did wealthy merchants/factory owners build?

A

fancy suburban homes

83
Q

What class did wealthy merchants/factory owners make up?

A

growing middle class

84
Q

what did the growing middle class revolutionize?

A

social structure of Great Britain

85
Q

How did sinking of titanic affect attitudes

A

Affected trust in machinery and tech–T represented greatness of man made machinery and was called unsinkable. when it sank, the world was shocked and disillusioned.

86
Q

titanic

A

sank on maiden voyage from southampton to nyc, “ocean of dreams” “unsinkable ship” “God himself” 4/16/1912 1500 died

87
Q

How were first class trains depicted?

A

well dressed, comfortable accommodations, personal space, composed

88
Q

How were second class trains depicted?

A

crowded, less formal dress, animated

89
Q

How were third class trains depicted?

A

rough clothes, no roof, jammed in, discomfort, wild behavior

90
Q

people onboard v lifeboats-titanic.

A

2224 passengers, 20 lifeboats–enough for 1178 people

91
Q

people onboard v lifeboats-titanic.

A

2224 passengers, 20 lifeboats–enough for 1178 people

92
Q

percentages of men survival titanic

A

33% class 1, 8% class 2, 16% class 3, 21% crew, 20% total

93
Q

percentages of women survival titanic

A

97% class 1, 86% class 2, 46% class 3, 91% crew, 75% total

94
Q

percentages of children survival titanic

A

86% class 1, 100% class 2, 31% class 3, 50% total

95
Q

percentages of classes survival titanic

A

62% class 1, 42% class 2, 25% class 3, 23% crew, 32% total

96
Q

What was the lifeboat policy on titanic?

A

women and children first

97
Q

Why did sinking of T produce criticism of treatment of third class?

A

their lives were valued less. some say they were gated in til lifeboats were gone, some say capt held them below deck to avoid lifeboat mob scene.

98
Q

steerage

A

3rd class

99
Q

Luddites

A

frustrated workers watching their livelihood disappearing bc of tech would riot, smashing machines, burning factories

100
Q

Luddites namesake

A

Ned Ludd, mythically destroyed machines in 1780s

101
Q

Govt reaction

A

harsh. would hang and punish them and send soldiers against them. strikes and labor unions outlawed.

102
Q

How was England economically strong

A

expanding economy to support industrialization; bank loans=investment in new machinery

103
Q

steamship

A

Robert Fulton, 1807, sped up shipping and lowered costs

104
Q

Solomon Northup

A

Author of 12Yr a Slave

105
Q

12Yr a Slave

A

description of cotton picking child labor slavery conditions

106
Q

advantages of Manchester

A

ready access to water power, available labor from nearby countryside and outlet to sea @ liverpool

107
Q

Manchester businesspeople

A

pocketed $

108
Q

Children in Manchester (case study) conditions

A

7AM-8PM, beatings, 30min lunc 60min dinner, injured often

109
Q

Manchester environmental result

A

pollution

110
Q

Doc C

A

John Birley, child laborer

111
Q

Doc D

A

Edward Baines, journalist

10th Grade History Final (3 decks)

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