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Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Food production…
Land enclosure…
Crop rotation…

A

Agricultural revolution

Increase in food production allowed for more food to be grown for a larger population.

Enclosure of land: Land owners could selectively breed animals but measuring the demand for growth in marginal land.

Crop rotation: change from the traditional into year cultivation and one-year follow to the four-course rotation improving soil and boost crop yields.

Crop rotation: was able to boost production in existing lands which allowed for larger livestock population.

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2
Q

What were the causes of the Agricultural Revolution

Spread of information

A

Writers such as Arthur Young, William Marshall and Thomas Coke, made practices such as crop rotation, drainage, marling known which helped to increase production

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3
Q

Agricultural revolution

Tariffs…

A

Agricultural revolution

The spread of knowledge allowed for a larger spread of improved tariffs in farming techniques.

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4
Q

Agricultural revolution

Growing population…

A

The measure in agricultural production allowed for the development in a growing population, providing food for a stable society and providing new industries, wool for trade.

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5
Q

Agricultural revolution

Farmers and nobles…

A

Farmers and nobles were able to research and improve their farming techniques using their own terms.

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6
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

A

Development of capitalism: investment, trade and commerce

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7
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Early mechanisms/Resources…

A

Early mechanisation: steam engines and spinning machines

1709 furnaces only used charcoal to produce iron.

Wood become more expensive as forests were depleted and too brittle for iron making.

Abraham Darby succeeded smelting iron using coke, a major advancement in iron trade.

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8
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Newcomer steam engine 1712

A

Newcomer created world’s first successful atmospheric steam engine.

Important in draining water from coal mines.

Enabled coal mines to be drained further.

Single most important invention of the Industrial Revolution. Drained deeper depths, creating access to possible metals and coal.

Coal heated water to create steam and create a vacuum to drain water from coal mines.

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9
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

John Ray’s flying shuttle 1733

A

John Ray, important step towards automatic?

Improved efficiency by 50%

Mounted on rails to …the shuttle from side to side when the wearer pulled a cord.

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10
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

James Hargreaves 1764

A

One man could spin 50 strands of yarn

Used at Textile mill for spinning till 1916. No longer could fit in houses due to large design changes for efficiency.

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11
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Developments in transports

A

Early developments in transport: canals and roads

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12
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Development of Capitalism

A

Healthy developed economic and commercial structure, central bank and country banks with low interest and a liable currency

Investments in large trading companies, profit from large coal mines, invest in new companies

Royal Navy protected and defended merchant ships, creating the Merchant navy to work alongside the Royal navy during the 18th century

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13
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Developments of Capitalism cont.

A

To acquire new colonies and advance commercial trading, wars were started with other European powers; in 1739 and 1783

British agents located around the world. importing goods to Britain, developing outlets for goods overseas

Domestic industry, cottage industry

Investment in ports with cargo: metal goods and textiles; sold in return for slaves, 200% - 300% investment

Easy implementation as the systems were already in place: economic, infrastructure

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14
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Modes of transport, Canals

A

Canals to carry heavy materials, coal and steel

Britain had the geographical advantage, containing 1500 discrete river systems, comprising over 200,000km of watercourses

Easy access to trade by sea, North Sea, Mediterranean, and Atlantic Ocean

Few mountains, generally flat

A large amount of coal to fuel the revolution

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15
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Modes of transport, roads

A

18th century not suitable for carrying heavy loads

Limited to how much iron or coal could be moved by land

Costs were expensive to repair

Industrialisation demands heavy cheap transport (high quantities)

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16
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Transport improved in 3 ways before 1780

A

More rivers made accessible to large cargoes and ports improved for larger cargo

Improved roads, local transport more efficient and cheaper

Canals were built

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17
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Rivers and ports

A

Large industry to bring raw materials

Solid transportation networks to export products

Navigable rivers: Severn, Clyde, and Thames

Parliament passed laws for improvements

London, Liverpool, Bristol, Glasow underwent redevelopment in early 18th century

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18
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Modes of transport, Roading

A

In 1700 Britain’s roads were in poor condition

Little change since the Romans left 1000 years earlier

Locals supplied to maintain roads but didn’t

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19
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Modes of transport, Turnpike trusts

A

An organization that financed road improvements by tolls and issuing mortgage debt

Between 1750-1770 over 500 trusts established 4000 km of road

England and Wales connected by road

21
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Canals

A

1761 Duke of Bridgewater built a canal from his mine to the center of Manchester

Price of coal dropped and demand soared along with Duke’s profits

Had to be built directly to factories

21
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Canals

A

Coal demand in the middle of the 18th century further developed canals

Horse and cart couldn’t keep up with the demand

Canals had aqueducts, tunnels and locks

1 horse could tow 50 tonnes by barge rafts rather than 250kg on its back

22
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Modes of transport, Turnpike trusts

A

An organization that financed road improvements by tolls and issuing mortgage debt

Between 1750-1770 over 500 trusts established 4000 km of road

England and Wales connected by road

23
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Canals

A

Between 1759 and 1774, 52 Acts of Parliament were passed to build canals

By 1800 3000km of canal were built

Cities linked to factories and ports

Canals completely returned large profits for share holders and employed many people

24
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Population growth

A

Rapid growth of population fuelled industrial growth

Manufacturers need workers in factories and compare to build infrastructure

Producing goods on a large scale if no buyers

1700-1850 population of England tripled

Provided labour and market to sell

25
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Canal mania

A

81 acts passed alone 1790-94

1780-1880 canals were essential to industrial growth

Unnecessary canals were built

26
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Canal mania

A

Crucial to early industrialization

Allowed for heavier cargoes to be carried

Materials moved between factories

Capital decrease demand increase for coal

27
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Why are canals important (Canal mania

A

By 1800 3000km of canal was built

Completely returning reinvestments

Increase in population tripled by 1780-1850

Helped development of towns and jobs

Reinvestment into other industrial projects

28
Q

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Limited Impact (Canal mania

A

Expensive to develop, rivers drained to create more specific paths

Capitalism more important

Overdid the number of canals needed

29
Q

Canal funding and building

A

Over the course of the mid-1750s-1800s the funding and ability to build canals increased, some past due to the number of laws created, with as much as 81 alone in 1790-94

30
Q

Why was there a rapid growth of Industrialisation after 1780

Interconnected factors

A

High levels of demand both home and abroad for British manufactured goods

Ability to supply that demand and made large profit

Innovators capable of developing new techniques for increasing production and quality

Capital available for investment and social climate, supported entrepreneurship

31
Q

Why was there a rapid growth of Industrialisation after 1780

Interconnected factors

A

Ability to transport large quantities of raw materials and manufactured products around the world

The system of government, largely supported process and encouraged laissez-faire policies and free trade

Prevailing social attitudes, sympathetic to capitalism and industrialization

32
Q

Why was there a rapid growth of Industrialisation after 1780

Interconnected factors

A

Absence of international competition

Unlimited supply of cheap energy

Growing mobile population, supply of basic foodstuffs

33
Q

Factory system

A

Use of machinery, originally powered by water or steam and later by electricity

Work was organised to utilize power-driven machinery and produce goods on a large scale

Shift from cottage industry to a large scale

34
Q

Domestic system

A

Home based
Owned, operated by craftsperson
Small tools
Small scale manufacturing
Single artisan
Worked to demand
Many sources of income
Rural living

35
Q

Factory system

A

Industrialist owned, unskilled workers, large machinery
Mass population
Long shifts, poor conditions
Income solely from factory owners
Unbiased

36
Q

Why was there rapid industrialization after 1780

A

Steam engines became more efficient, large scale machinery

Developments in transport led to demand increase for coal and iron

Canal-mania, end of eighteenth century

International market to sell goods

37
Q

Development of the factory system = steam power and machines

A

Expiry of James Watt’s patent in 1769 allowed others to improve the design in 1800

Far greater fuel efficiency, both lighter and cheaper than Watt’s

Changes to manufacturing process, location of factories

38
Q

Rivers used to…

A

Prior to canals, rivers were relied on heavily, unpredictable, water levels and navigation

Difficulties, slow and meandering

Thousand miles of navigable river, Industrial north and midlands weren’t connected to consumer south

39
Q

Turning point in 1761

A

Bridgewater canal

Facilitated the movement of cheap movement into city, helped fuel the Industrial Movement

Price of coal in Manchester fell by 50%

40
Q

Connections and cost

A

Reduced transportation cost

Cost advantage, transport products long distances, enabling growth of regional and national markets

Helped connect industries with new material sources and markets

41
Q

Industrial clusters

A

Industrial clusters or concentrations of industries in specific areas

Clustering effect fostered innovation, collaboration and specialization

Exchange ideas, resources and products

Sharing of infrastructure and services, leading to economics of scale and further promoting industrial growth

42
Q

Market Expansion

A

Opened new markets for industries
Previously locally limited
Canals allowed for the establishment of inland waterways networks
Seaports connected via canal to inland
Expansion of market stimulated

43
Q

Access to raw materials

A

Canals transported raw materials such as iron ore and coal
Facilitated growth of industries: coal mining, manufacturing
Abundant raw material, enabled scaling up of production

44
Q

Banking systems

A

New ways of raising capital, canals built by joint stock companies, each company applying for an act of parliament
Investment (1 pound per annum) 1790s
Improved banking, sell land, buy land, first modern company management, tenth of funding from elite reality

45
Q

Steamships

A

Great age of steamships after 1850

History (3 decks)

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