Industrial Revolution Flashcards
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Food production…
Land enclosure…
Crop rotation…
Agricultural revolution
Increase in food production allowed for more food to be grown for a larger population.
Enclosure of land: Land owners could selectively breed animals but measuring the demand for growth in marginal land.
Crop rotation: change from the traditional into year cultivation and one-year follow to the four-course rotation improving soil and boost crop yields.
Crop rotation: was able to boost production in existing lands which allowed for larger livestock population.
What were the causes of the Agricultural Revolution
Spread of information
Writers such as Arthur Young, William Marshall and Thomas Coke, made practices such as crop rotation, drainage, marling known which helped to increase production
Agricultural revolution
Tariffs…
Agricultural revolution
The spread of knowledge allowed for a larger spread of improved tariffs in farming techniques.
Agricultural revolution
Growing population…
The measure in agricultural production allowed for the development in a growing population, providing food for a stable society and providing new industries, wool for trade.
Agricultural revolution
Farmers and nobles…
Farmers and nobles were able to research and improve their farming techniques using their own terms.
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Development of capitalism: investment, trade and commerce
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Early mechanisms/Resources…
Early mechanisation: steam engines and spinning machines
1709 furnaces only used charcoal to produce iron.
Wood become more expensive as forests were depleted and too brittle for iron making.
Abraham Darby succeeded smelting iron using coke, a major advancement in iron trade.
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Newcomer steam engine 1712
Newcomer created world’s first successful atmospheric steam engine.
Important in draining water from coal mines.
Enabled coal mines to be drained further.
Single most important invention of the Industrial Revolution. Drained deeper depths, creating access to possible metals and coal.
Coal heated water to create steam and create a vacuum to drain water from coal mines.
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
John Ray’s flying shuttle 1733
John Ray, important step towards automatic?
Improved efficiency by 50%
Mounted on rails to …the shuttle from side to side when the wearer pulled a cord.
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
James Hargreaves 1764
One man could spin 50 strands of yarn
Used at Textile mill for spinning till 1916. No longer could fit in houses due to large design changes for efficiency.
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Developments in transports
Early developments in transport: canals and roads
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Development of Capitalism
Healthy developed economic and commercial structure, central bank and country banks with low interest and a liable currency
Investments in large trading companies, profit from large coal mines, invest in new companies
Royal Navy protected and defended merchant ships, creating the Merchant navy to work alongside the Royal navy during the 18th century
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Developments of Capitalism cont.
To acquire new colonies and advance commercial trading, wars were started with other European powers; in 1739 and 1783
British agents located around the world. importing goods to Britain, developing outlets for goods overseas
Domestic industry, cottage industry
Investment in ports with cargo: metal goods and textiles; sold in return for slaves, 200% - 300% investment
Easy implementation as the systems were already in place: economic, infrastructure
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Modes of transport, Canals
Canals to carry heavy materials, coal and steel
Britain had the geographical advantage, containing 1500 discrete river systems, comprising over 200,000km of watercourses
Easy access to trade by sea, North Sea, Mediterranean, and Atlantic Ocean
Few mountains, generally flat
A large amount of coal to fuel the revolution
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Modes of transport, roads
18th century not suitable for carrying heavy loads
Limited to how much iron or coal could be moved by land
Costs were expensive to repair
Industrialisation demands heavy cheap transport (high quantities)
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Transport improved in 3 ways before 1780
More rivers made accessible to large cargoes and ports improved for larger cargo
Improved roads, local transport more efficient and cheaper
Canals were built
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Rivers and ports
Large industry to bring raw materials
Solid transportation networks to export products
Navigable rivers: Severn, Clyde, and Thames
Parliament passed laws for improvements
London, Liverpool, Bristol, Glasow underwent redevelopment in early 18th century
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Modes of transport, Roading
In 1700 Britain’s roads were in poor condition
Little change since the Romans left 1000 years earlier
Locals supplied to maintain roads but didn’t
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Modes of transport, Turnpike trusts
An organization that financed road improvements by tolls and issuing mortgage debt
Between 1750-1770 over 500 trusts established 4000 km of road
England and Wales connected by road
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Canals
1761 Duke of Bridgewater built a canal from his mine to the center of Manchester
Price of coal dropped and demand soared along with Duke’s profits
Had to be built directly to factories
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Canals
Coal demand in the middle of the 18th century further developed canals
Horse and cart couldn’t keep up with the demand
Canals had aqueducts, tunnels and locks
1 horse could tow 50 tonnes by barge rafts rather than 250kg on its back
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Modes of transport, Turnpike trusts
An organization that financed road improvements by tolls and issuing mortgage debt
Between 1750-1770 over 500 trusts established 4000 km of road
England and Wales connected by road
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Canals
Between 1759 and 1774, 52 Acts of Parliament were passed to build canals
By 1800 3000km of canal were built
Cities linked to factories and ports
Canals completely returned large profits for share holders and employed many people
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Population growth
Rapid growth of population fuelled industrial growth
Manufacturers need workers in factories and compare to build infrastructure
Producing goods on a large scale if no buyers
1700-1850 population of England tripled
Provided labour and market to sell
