Industrial Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What can the ammonia made from the Haber Process be used for?

A

To make nitric acid, which reacts with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate, a fertiliser

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2
Q

What are the raw materials needed for the Haber Process?

A

Air, water and methane

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3
Q

How is nitrogen obtained from the air for use in the Haber Process?

A

By fractional distillation

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4
Q

How is hydrogen produced for use in the Haber Process?

A

Methane reacts with steam to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen

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5
Q

What are the conditions needed for the Haber Process?

A

200atm, 450*C and an iron catalyst

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6
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

A reaction that goes forwards and backwards at the same time

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7
Q

What do reversible reactions reach in a closed system?

A

An equilibrium

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8
Q

Why is a temperature of 450*C used in the Haber Process, despite meaning a lower % yield of ammonia?

A

As the forward reaction is exothermic it means that lower temperatures produce a bigger yield, as ammonia molecules start to break up again at higher temperatures. However, the lower temperatures mean that the rate of reaction is very slow, and so 450*C is used

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9
Q

Why is a pressure of 200atm used in the Haber Process?

A

As the forward reaction produces a smaller number of molecules, a higher pressure means a larger yield of ammonia. However, higher pressures require stronger and more expensive pipes and reaction vessels. Therefore, a medium pressure of 200atm is used

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10
Q

How is nitric acid made?

A

Ammonia + oxygen –> Nitrogen monoxide + water

Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen –> Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide + water + oxygen –> nitric acid

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11
Q

What catalyst is used when making nitric acid, and at what temperature?

A

Platinum catalyst at 850*C

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12
Q

Is the reaction when making nitric acid exothermic endothermic?

A

Exothermic, the heat given out is sufficient to keep the reaction going

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13
Q

What happens to sugar after sulfuric acid is added?

A

It turns yellow during the reaction, and after is a tall black column of pure carbon

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14
Q

What happens to copper sulfate crystals after sulfuric acid is added?

A

It forms a white powder on the outside during the reaction, and after breaks down into a white powder

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15
Q

What is a dehydrating agent?

A

Something that can remove water from compounds

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16
Q

What is the contact process used for?

A

To make sulfuric acid

17
Q

What is the first step of the contact process?

A

Sulphur is burnt in air to form sulphur dioxide

S + O2 –> SO2

18
Q

What is the second step of the contact process?

A

Sulphur dioxide is reacted with excess air over a vanadium catalyst at 420*C, at pressures not much over atmospheric to give over 95% conversion to sulphur trioxide

19
Q

What is the third step of the contact process?

A

SO3 is absorbed in H2SO4

20
Q

Is the final reaction of the contact process exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic

21
Q

Why is the SO3 absorbed in H2SO4 rather than in water in the contact process?

A

If water is used to absorb sulphur trioxide, the heat produced would create a corrosive acid smog that is dangerous

22
Q

What is the Haber Process used for?

A

To manufacture ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

23
Q

How is oleum formed?

A

By reacting sulfuric acid with sulfuric trioxide

24
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for the formation of oleum?

A

So2 + H2SO4 –> H2S2O7

25
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between sugar and sulfuric acid

A

C12H22O11 + H2SO4 -> 12C + 11H20