Industrial chemicals Flashcards
Petroleum products
-mixture of chemicals
-light crude more toxic than heavy crude oils
What does light crude often cause?
aspiration pneumonia
Components of oil
What toxic impurities may be seen in crude and refined oils?
**PAHs= combustion, carcinogenic
Toxicokinetics of petroleum products
-lipophilic, readily absorbed from all routes including resp system
-metabolized in liver
-generally not considered persistent chemicals
Mechanism of action f petroleum products
- irritation
- GIT dysfunction through stimulation or microbes alteration
- bone marrow suppression - anemia, leucopenia
Clinical manifestations of petroleum products
Aspiration pneumonia
GIT: bloat, vomiting, anorexia, ketosis, oil smell in rumen
Resp: increased lung sounds, coughing, dyspnea, pleuritis
Other: ataxia, dyspnea, high body temp
Clinical pathology of petroleum products
-leukopenia followed by neutrophilia
-anemia
-marrow depression
-high BUN and liver enzymes
Pathological signs of petroleum products
-oil in rumen
-bloat
-GIT irritation
-mild degeneration of liver and fatty change
-nephrosis
-pulmonary congestion and consolidation
-occasional pulmonary abscesses
-fibrinous pleuritis
-dermal irritation
Other effects of petroleum products
-milk taint and meat residues
-low vit E/A
-impaired reproduction
-cancer
-endocrine disruption
Treatment of petroleum products
-activated charcoal; no induction of emesis!!
-mineral oil
-antibiotics for secondary infection
-bathe wildlife
**prognosis poor if aspiration
Coal Tar and phenol compounds
-from coal processing, and frequently used for fungicides, disinfectants, antiseptics
*absorbed through oral and dermal routes
Species susceptibility for coal tar and compounds
metabolized in liver through glucuronides therefore cats more susceptible
Mechanism of action for coal tar and phenol compounds
Cause liver necrosis and renal tubular necrosis
idiopathic hemorrhagic hepatitis occurs in pigs eating clay pigeons
Clinical manifestations of coal tar and phenol compounds
-sudden death with high dose
-low dose= anorexia, depression, weakness, tremors, jaundice, secondary anemia
-photosensitization possible
Pathology of coal tar and phenol products
-necrosis or ulcers of skin
-tubular necrosis in kidney
-centrilobular degeneration and necrosis of liver (friable, hemorrhage, enlarged)
-icterus
Clinical pathology of coal tar and phenol products
-proteinuria, hematuria
-epithelial cells or casts in urine
-elevated liver enzymes
Diagnosis of coal tar and phenol products
-clinical signs and chemical analysis
Treatment of coal tar and phenol products
-activated charcoal
-gastric lavage
-wash skin
-Vit E supplements
Polyhalogenated biphenyls
- includes PBB and PCB
*PBB most toxic
-very stable = environmental and residue concerns
Why were polyhalogenated biphenyls banned?
-embryotoxic
-teratogenic
-carcinogenic
-immunosuppressive
-residues
-potent enzyme inducers
Mechanism of action of polyhalogenated biphenyls
-enzyme induction
-cause degenerative and membrane changes in tissues
Clinical signs of PBB and PCB
-anorexia
-weight loss, reduced production
-udder atrophy
-abnormal hoof developent
-increased urination and lacrimation
-hematomas
-abscesses
-abortions and metritis
-alopecia
-***chloracne (black heads= follicular pyodermatitis) = characteristic finding
-anemia
Pathology of PBBs and PCBs
-emaciation
-thymic atrophy
-hepatic fatty change
-renal tubular degeneration
-ascites; pulmonary edema
