Industrial Britain c1750-1900 Flashcards
What is smallpox?
A rash which turns to blisters filled with puss, they drop off and cause scars
How is small pox spread?
Coughing, sneezing and touch
How many people died from small pox?
1/3
What is inoculation?
Spread a tiny bit of small pox into an open wound and this would cause a mild dose of the disease that would give immunity from the disease in the future
What did Lady Mary Wortley Montague do?
First person to promote inoculation, she has brought the idea back from Turkey in 1721 when she had her children inoculated
What was the problem with inoculation?
Some people died from the mild dose of smallpox and others became carriers
When did Jenner test the idea that cowpox created immunity to small pox?
1796
Who did Jenner test on?
James Phipps
What did Jenner do to test his idea?
Took some cowpox matter from a sore on the arm of Sarah Nelmes and inserted it into a cut on the arm of a young boy, James Phipps
What happened to James Phipps after his inoculation?
He developed immunity to small pox
After James Phipps, how many more people did Jenner vaccinate?
23
When did Jenner publish his report?
1798
Why did it take so long for Jenner’s report to be published?
The Royal Society refused to publish his report so he had to pay for it to be published himself
When was the vaccination against small pox made compulsory?
1852
Why was Jenner’s discovery significant?
- Eradicated a major killer disease
- Jenner showed that vaccination was possible
- Small pox vaccination was safer than inoculation
Why was Jenner’s discovery not significant?
- He couldn’t explain the link between cowpox and small pox
- He couldn’t apply his discovery to other diseases
- Vaccination wasn’t initially compulsory due to limited government support in the short term
When did Nightingale write ‘Notes on Nursing’?
1859
When did Nightingale write ‘Notes on Hospitals?
1863
What is ‘Laissez Faire’?
The ‘leave alone’ attitude. People did not want change and the Government to force them into things
When was the first public health act?
1848
What was the problem with the first public health act?
It was not compulsory
When was the second public health act?
1875
What was different with the second public health act?
It was compulsory
What is spontaneous generation?
Living organisms develop from nonliving matter
What did Nightingale do in Scutari?
She cleaned the horrible conditions at the army hospital during the Crimean War
What did Nightingale do at St Thomas’ Hospital?
Created the first nursing school
What was the impact of Nightingale on nursing?
- Nursing became a respected profession for the first time
- Nurses were trained in practical skills
- Nurses didn’t get taught about the Germ Theory
Why did nurses not get taught the Germ Theory?
Nightingale did not believe in germs
After Nightingale’s work, how was the death-rate in hospitals affected?
Fell from 40% to 2%
In what years were the cholera epidemics?
1831-1866
What is cholera?
An infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio
What report did Chadwick publish?
‘The sanitary condition of labouring population’
When was Chadwick’s report published?
1842
What was the effect of Chadwick’s report?
It made the government rethink their priorities and the report persuaded the government and people that reform was needed
In what year did Jenner develop the small pox vaccination?
1796
Why did Jenner face opposition?
- Country doctor
- People didn’t believe a cow disease could cure a human disease
- He didn’t have proof
- He couldn’t link it to other diseases
What job did Pasteur do and in what country?
French Chemist
What was Pasteur originally investigating?
Wine
In what year did Koch prove that specific germs cause specific diseases?
1875
What did Koch do?
- He grew bacteria in dishes of agar jelly
- Discovered that microbes could be stained with dye so that they could be seen more easily
- He discovered specific microbes cause specific diseases
Who was Koch?
A German doctor
How was Koch’s work funded?
By the German government
What are the 3 germs Koch discovered?
Cholera, Anthrax, TB
Name 3 vaccines that Pasteur developed
Chicken Cholera, Anthrax, Rabies
In what year did Nightingale go to the Crimea?
1854
What changes did Nightingale make in wards in the Crimea?
- Ventilation
- Cleaned up
- Sanitary conditions
- Food and water
- Supplies
By 1901, how many trained nurses were there in Britain?
68,000
What attitude did the government have the Industrial period?
Laissez Faire
