industrial and post industrial development of sport

Question 1

what are the 6 characteristics of rational recreation/‘sport’

Answer 1

non violent in nature and respectable, played regularly regionally nationally and internationally, strict complex written rules by NGBs/codification, referees/officials were present to enforce new rules, specially constructed purpose-build facilities, players had positional roles that they were specialised in and sport was skill/tactics based

Question 2

when was rational recreation formed

Answer 2

during the post industrial development of sport

Question 3

what were the initial negative effects of the industrial revolution(1780-1900) on society. (HITFOR)

Answer 3

lower classes migrated into urban areas leading to loss of space and overcrowding, lack of leisure time as work was no longer seasonal(12hr long 6 days a week), lack of income due to low wages, loss of rights to play mob games, lack of public provision

Question 4

what were the positive effects in the second half of the industrial revolution(1780-1900) on society

Answer 4

provision of public baths to help stop spread of disease and increase hygiene increasing participation in sport, gradual increase in wages due to the ‘factory acts’ and Saturday half day being introduced,development of nee middle class that developed rules competitions and leagues and public parks and offered broken time payments

Question 5

what were the positive effects in the second half of the industrial revolution(1780-1900) on society

Answer 5

influence of ex-public school boys via industry and the church, industrial patronage and factory and church teams, improvements in transport and communications

Question 6

how did urbanisation have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 6

lack of space so purpose built facilities, large working class populations so mass spectatorship at matches, loss of traditional sports such as mob games so a need for new sports to emerge, changes in working conditions they eventually had more free time income and energy to attend games and play sport

Question 7

how did the transport revolution have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 7

teams and spectators could travel due to development of railways so nationwide fixtures in a regular basis, improved access to longer different parts of the country so national and regional comps, train travel became cheaper

Question 8

how did increased communication have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 8

reading and writing abilities improved due to educational provision so rules could be developed and in more detail, development in printed media increased knowledge and awareness of sport such as fixtures taking place of match results, emergence of sporting heroes and role models through printed publicity

Question 9

how did provision through factories have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 9

working class got a reduction in their working week such as saturday half day, wages increase providing enough disposable income to pay entrance fee to saturday afternoon football, broken time payments when they were payed to play sport and playing sport proffesional ku became a desirable job

Question 10

why the want to church have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 10

sport encourages social control and was civilised compared to drinking and gambling, sport was viewed as a good way of promoting christian values, YMCA promotes healthy mind healthy body link, clergy thought sport could increase church attendance, muscular christianity involving the clergy attempting to eradicate gambling and drinking for more healthy and positive pursuits

Question 11

how did the church have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 11

active involvement of the clergy influenced working class to participate in association football and other rationalised games, organised church teams set up clubs and arranged competitions, church provided they’re halls facilities and fields

Question 12

how did emergence of middle classes have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 12

developed many NGBs and developed strict rules/codification (Lawn Tennis association in 1888), organised leagues and competitions, development of public provision via middle class philanthropists, middle class factory owners gave their workers more leisure time, set up factory teams and broken time payments

Question 13

how did the british empire have an impact on the development of sport

Answer 13

teachers developed teams and taught sporting values in schools, clergy’s became missionaries and took sport abroad for social and morality, officers spread sport throughout the empire, diplomats travelled the world and took sport with them

Question 14

who were in high positions in terms of jobs and status in society

Answer 14

nineteenth century public school boys and university old boys

Question 15

how did public provision have an impact on the development of sport and society

Answer 15

increased health and fitness and personal hygiene of working class, gained prestige for the local area, increased social control and civilise society, improved productivity and morale of the workforce

Question 16

specifically what public provision did the local authorities provide

Answer 16

public bath houses with first and second class facilities to reflect the prevalent social class system, public washing facilities via the ‘Wash houses act of 1846’ and plunge baths for swimming or recreational use

Question 17

in the post industrial era what was a public school

Answer 17

a private, fee-paying secondary school often for boarders

Question 18

what influence of public school did the following factors have on sport and games: boarding, boys-only cohort, fee paying, large grounds, strict discipline

Answer 18

plenty of time was available so boys needed occupying in a positive way, boys only meant energy and enthusiasm needed channeling into games, money went toward facility development and equipment purchase, plenty of space available for sports/competitions, harsh treatment prepared boys from the challenges of competitive sport

Question 19

what 4 reasons were public school’s important for sport

Answer 19

promotion and organisation of sports and games, sixth form prefects who helped at organising during comps ect gained valuable leadership experience, promoted high morality and ethics, development of character, spread and export of games ethics

Question 20

why did NGBs develop?

Answer 20

more teams and clubs were formed, need for codification for national competitions FA cup, so everyone played to the same standard of rules, clubs formed to control eligibility (who was allowed to play the sport) as maintainable of the ‘amateur ideal’ was important to middle class founders of NGBs