Industrial and Post-Industrial 1780-1900

Question 1

Define Rational Recreation

Answer 1

More order, logic and structure began to be applied to sport

Question 2

Characteristics of Rational Recreation

Answer 2

–Purpose-Built facilities
–Regional/national/international
–Skill based
–Codified/ match officials
–Urban/suburban
–Respectable

Question 3

Social and cultural influences on rational recreation in 1st half

Answer 3

–LACK OF LEISURE TIME- 6 day working week
–MIGRATION OF LOWER CLASSES INTO URBAN AREAS- no room for mob football
–LACK OF INCOME- can’t afford equipment
–POOR HEALTH- little energy to play sport
–Loss of rights- Mob football was banned

Question 4

Social and cultural influences on rational recreation in 2nd half

Answer 4

–Health improved
–Increased income and leisure time- Saturday half days
–New middle class
–Industrial patronage- factory teams set up
–Increased transport- Steam trains
–Increased spectatorship

Question 5

Key features of Urbanisation

Answer 5

–LACK OF SPACE- In cities space was premium, led to purpose built facilities
–LARGE WORKING CLASS POPULATION- Needed entertaining leading to spectatorship
–LOSS OF TRADITIONAL SPORTS- Mob football banned
– CHANGE IN WORKING CONDITIONS- As working conditions improved

Question 6

How did the development of railways impact sport

Answer 6

– MOVEMENT OF TEAMS/SPECTATORS- nationwide fixtures
–CHEAPER TRAIN TRAVEL- Became affordable, therefore working class to watch their team
–IMPROVED ACCESS TO COUNTRYSIDE

Question 7

How did the development of communications impact sport

Answer 7

–Newspapers were read as more people were literate
–Increased awareness of sport
–Allowed people to support a team
–Lead to emergence of role models

Question 8

How did the influence of the church impact sport

Answer 8

–Church facilities such as halls provided a venue for sport
–Development of YMCA promoted healthy lifestyle
–By increasing church attendance, more people play sport to a more civilised manner
–Church discouraged popular recreation
–Bolton Wanderers used to be called Christ Church Fc

Question 9

How did the emergence of the middle class impact sport

Answer 9

–CODIFICATION- Development of strict rules as public schools and uni old boys helped the formation of NGB’s.
–COMPETITIONS-Development of leagues and competitions
–PUBLIC PROVISION-Development of public facilities via middle class and factory owners
–INCREASED LEISURE TIME- Gave Saturday half days
–MOVE TO PROFESSIONALISM- acting as agents and promotors

Question 10

How did the development of sport spread through the British Empire

Answer 10

–TEACHERS- Taught traditional sporting values through PE
–FACTORY OWNERS- Set up teams and gave worker time off to play
–CLERGY- Development of church teams
–OFFICERS IN ARMY- Spread sport throughout empire
–DIPLOMATS- Travelled and took sport with him

Question 11

Define Codification

Answer 11

Gradual organisation and defining of the rules

Question 12

Why did NGB’s form

Answer 12

–More teams and clubs were forming
–More national and international clubs were forming
–Leagues and competitions were required for teams to compete in
–Nationally agreed rules

Question 13

Characteristics of Wenlock Olympic Games

Answer 13

–Founded in 1850
–Founded to provide annual competition in sports and the arts for people of every grade
–Pierre de Coubertin established the international Olympic committee

Question 14

Define an Amateur

Answer 14

A person who plays sports for the love of it and receives no financial gain- Upper class

Question 15

Define a professional

Answer 15

A person who plays for financial gain- Lower class

Question 16

Characteristics of Amateurism

Answer 16

–Robustness and physical endeavour
–Values health and fitness
–High moral integrity
–Values rule regulated activity

Question 17

What’s an example of a Gentlemen’s Amateur

Answer 17

Corinthian FC- Believed a gentleman would never commit a deliberate foul. If penalty given, they’d let it go in

Question 18

Characteristics of a professional

Answer 18

–Financial gain
–Trained
–Worked long hours
–Desire to win
–Corrupt- would cheat to win

Question 19

Characteristics of a Gentleman Amateur

Answer 19

–Plenty of leisure time
–Playing to a high moral code
–Didn’t train
–Winning not important
–Sportsmanship

Question 20

Positive impacts of Amateurism

Answer 20

–Elite sport was dominated by amateurs
–Adhered to a high moral values
–Belonging to social elite
–Participation more important than winning
–All rounder- playing variety of sports
–New middle class

Question 21

Positive impacts on Professionals

Answer 21

–Broken time payments- paid time off
–Training and success= higher payments
–Employment at factories dependent on sporting ability
–Increased media coverage and commercialisation

Question 22

Key features of modern day amateurs

Answer 22

–Tend to be lower status
–Some high level performers still not professional
–Some amateurs receive financial pay for training expenses- National lottery/Sports aid

Question 23

Positives of Modern Day Amateurism

Answer 23

–Sportsmanship and fair play still evident
–Fair play awards in football
–Shaking hands before and after games
–Rugby Union players call referee ‘Sir’

Question 24

Modern Day Professionalism

Answer 24

–All classes can compete
–People respected for talent and skill
–High rewards for professionals- sponsorship
–Celebrity status
–Positive role models
–Cheaper to travel- more spectators