individuals and psychology

Question 1

fundamental attribution error - kahneman + renshon

Answer 1

i am forced into hostile behaviour by circumstances / doing hostile behaviour because youre aggressive

Question 2

risk tolerance under pressure

Answer 2

• frequent aversion to cutting losses
• sunk-cost fallacy
• usually after war termination there is a ‘gambling for resurrection’
  
  • ^^ make war more likely

Question 3

waltz - man, state and war

Answer 3

• human nature is constant
• war varies
• human nature does not cause war

Question 4

Marx

Answer 4

“Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past.”

Question 5

unitary actor assumption

Answer 5

• state leaders are only interested in maximising welfare of state
  challenge - The “Miracle of the House of Brandenburg”
  
  • 5 January 1762
  • Tsarina Elizabeth dies, Peter III withdraws Russian armies and signs treaty with Frederick the great

Question 6

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 6

• Complex system of alliances
• Consciously avoided war
• Alone restrained Germany

Question 7

leader beliefs

Answer 7

• different people have different beliefs
• can affect their threat perception

Question 8

whitlark

Answer 8

willingness to use force depends on beliefs about consequences of nuclear proliferation and probability of deterring specific proliferator once armed

Question 9

presidents attitudes towards proliferation

Answer 9

• kennedy = proliferation pessimist
  
  • feared china - considered “action to deny the ChiComs a nuclear capability”
• johnson = proliferation optimist
  
  • Not worried about China - No consideration of action

Question 10

norm entrepreneurs

Answer 10

Agents whose purpose is to advance a particular shared value, mutual interest or a particular institution within a particular social system (like state system)

Question 11

henri Dunant

Answer 11

• founded int’l committee of red cross
• helped write first geneva convention
• relief to the wounded without any distinction as to nationality;
• neutrality (inviolability) of medical personnel and medical establishments and units;
• the distinctive sign of the red cross on a white ground

Question 12

intermediaries

Answer 12

key figures who broker deals between parties

Question 13

Grynaviski - intermediaries

Answer 13

• crucial for cooperation when information is low and contact between the parties is sparse
• explaining others’ interests, providing reassurances, and managing identity issues.
  key figures who broker deals between parties