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criminology > individualistic theories - done > Flashcards

individualistic theories - done Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four individualistic theories of crime catagories

A
  1. psychodynamic theories
  2. Eysencks personality theory
  3. learning theories
  4. cognative theories
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2
Q

explain the general idea of psychodynamic theories

A

psychodynamic theories see our personality as containing powerful forces that make us act as we do
Criminal behaviour is the result of an individual’s failure to resolve these inner conflicts in a socially acceptable way

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3
Q

Sigmund Freuds psychodynamic theory

A

He argued that our early childhood experiences determine our personality and future behaviour
Freud’s theory was that our early childhood experiences determine whether we will go on to act in anti-social ways.

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4
Q

Freud says there are three parts that make up our personality, what are they?

A

the id, the ego and the super ego

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5
Q

what is the id?

A

the unconscious, instinctive part of the mind - this contains the powerful, selfish and pleasure seeking needs such as food and water

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6
Q

how can the id cause criminal behaviour?

A

the id causes urges in a sort of animalistic way which (if followed) can cause criminal and deviant behaviour

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7
Q

what is the ego?

A

the ego is the balance between the id and the super ego which is driven by the ‘reality principle’
the ego learns from experience that the real world has consiquences

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8
Q

what is the super ego?

A

our conscience and morals which we learn though interactions with our parents in early childhood
through this we get the internalised ideas of right and wrong

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9
Q

what does a weakly developed super ego cause?

A

the individual feels less guilt and has less inhibition about acting on the id’s urges

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10
Q

why can the super ego be a problem

A

as the super ego is formed through interactions and socialising with parents, individuals can develop a deviant super ego if the ideas of right and wrong are not internalised and they are socialised into deviant or criminal behaviour

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11
Q

what can be the problem with individuals who have a harsh or unforgiving super ego?

A

a harsh or unforgiving super ego creates guilt in the individual who then craves punishment as a release from the guilt

They may engage in repeat offending in
order to be punished

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12
Q

psychodynamic theory

what does Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory argue?

A

He believed that a child needed a close, continuous relationship with its primary carer (usually the mother) from birth to the age of 5 in order to develop normally

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13
Q

what does Bowlby say happens if this bond is broken?

A

if the attatchement / bond is broken the child may be unable to form meaningful, emotional relationships with others
maternal deprivation can also lead to criminal and deviant behaviour

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14
Q

what does Bowlby call the child being unable to form meaningful, emotional relatioships?

A

affectionless psychopathy

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15
Q

what did Bowlby find in his study of 44 juvinile thieves that had been transferred to a child guidance unit?

A

He found that 39% of them had suffered maternal deprivation before the age of 5, compared with only 5% in a control group of non-delinquents

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16
Q

what are the 4 steps in Bowlbys deprivation theory?

A
  1. Prolonged separation from the primary carer during the crucial period (first few years of life) deprives the child
  2. this leaves the bond fragile and may break the bond
  3. if the bond is broken it may be unfixable
  4. the disruption of the bond leads to long term effects on intellectual and emotional development
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17
Q

in eysencks personality theory what are the 3 elements of personality

A
  1. extraverson
  2. neuroticism
  3. psychoticism
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18
Q

what did eysenck make to measure peoples personality traits?

A

a personality questionnaire

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19
Q

complete the sentence: the questionnaire to measure peoples personalities measures them on a scale of … and …

hint its two letters

A

the questionnaire to measure peoples personalities measures them on a scale of E and N

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20
Q

are people with a high e score introverted or extraverted?

A

extraverted

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21
Q

introverted people have what e score?

A

a low e score

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22
Q

how does the criminal personality score on Eysencks personality test and what would this make them according to the key?

hint are they extravert ect

A

high on both E and N scales - criminals tend to be extravert and neurotic

23
Q

Why are neurotic extraverts more likely to be criminals?

hint: theres 2 reasons

A
  1. conditioning - through experience, we learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain - If we misbehave we learn to stop doing it to avoid future punishment.
  2. genetic inheritance - we learn through conditioning but some individuals inherit a nervous system that causes them to develop a criminal personality
24
Q

learning theory

what is Sutherland’s differential
association theory

A

He said individuals learn criminal behaviour in the family and peer groups (including work groups) because of two factors:
1. Imitation – individuals pick up criminal skills through observing those around them
2. Learned attitudes – socialisation within the group exposes individuals to attitudes and values about the law, some favourable, some unfavourable

25
Q

finish the sentance: sutherlands theory looks not at why people become criminals but ……

A

but how they become criminals

26
Q

name atleast one of the nine propositions sutherland says regarding his differential association theory?

A
  1. All criminal behavior is learned.
  2. Criminal behavior is learned through interaction
  3. Most learning about criminal behavior happens in intimate personal groups and relationships.
  4. The process of learning criminal behavior may include learning about techniques to carry out the behavior , motives and rationalizations that justify criminal activity
  5. The direction of motives and drives towards criminal behavior is learned though interpreting legal codes as good or bad
  6. When the opinions that support breaking the law outweigh the good opinions not supporting breaking the law, one will become a criminal
  7. All differential associations aren’t equal - they vary in frequency, intensity, priority, and duration.
  8. The process of learning criminal behaviors through interactions with others relies on the same things needed to learn any other behaviour
  9. Criminal behavior could be an expression of generalized needs and values, but they don’t explain the behavior
27
Q

what approach does differential association take to explain how an individual becomes criminal?

A

social psychological approach

28
Q

who made the Operant learning theory

A

B F skinner

29
Q

what does the Operant learning theory say?

A

if a particular behaviour results in a reward, it is likely to be repeated but if a behaviour results in a punishment such a a fine (an undesirable outcome), it is less likely to be repeated

30
Q

what is the process of rewarding good behaviour called?

A

positive reinforcement

31
Q

what is the process of punishing bad behaviour called?

A

negative reinforcement

32
Q

the operant learing theory also states that there are two kinds of punishment, what are they.?

A
  1. negative punishment
  2. positive punishment
33
Q

how does negative punishment work?

A

occurs when something that is pleasant is taken away from the individual as a result of undesirable behaviour - negative punishment removes positive stimulus

34
Q

how does positive punishment work?

A

this occurs when there is a negative consequence for certain behaviours - someone sent to prison for criminal behaviour, is less likely to repeat that behaviour, as they are being positively punished

35
Q

explain the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment

A

positive punishment adds a consiquence for an action eg being sent to prison and negative punishment removes a priveledge or positive stimulus

36
Q

learning theory

who made the social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

37
Q

what does Bandura’s social learning theory suggest?

A

Albert Bandura argues that we learn our behaviour by imitating other people.
He calls these other people ‘models’ because we model our behaviour on how we see them behaving.

38
Q

whos behaviour are we more likely to model?

A

those who we regard as a higher status than us

39
Q

how do the consequences of the actions we see happen to the model impact our behaviour

A

if the model recieves rewards for their behaviour we are much more likely to imitate the same behaviour they were rewarded for than if they were punished for it

40
Q

what was the Bandura et al bobo doll experiment?

A

they divided the children into three groups & each group was shown a film of an adult model being verbally and physically aggressive to an inflatable Bobo doll

Group 1 saw a version where the model was rewarded
Group 2 saw a version where the model was punished
Group 3 saw a version where the model was not rewarded or punished

41
Q

what were the results of the bobo doll experiment?

A

group 1 imitated the behavior as they saw the person be rewarded and thought the behavior was good
group 2 were the least likely to imitate
group 3 had some imitation, not as much imitation of the behavior as in group 1

42
Q

cognitive theory

who made the criminal personality theory?

A

Yochelson and Samenow

43
Q

what does the criminal personaliy theory say?

A

criminals are prone to faulty thinking and this makes them more likely to commit crime

44
Q

what study is the criminal personality theory based on?

A

a long-term study of 240 male offenders, most of whom had been committed to a psychiatric hospital

45
Q

complete the sentence

the criminal personality theory argues criminals show a range of …….. and ……… in their thinking and descision making

A

range of errors and biases in their thinking and descision making

46
Q

name at least 3 of these erros and biases criminals show in their thinking - they names 52 errors and biases overall

A

lying , secretiveness, need for power and control, super-optimism, failure to understand others, lack of trust in others, sense of uniqueness and the victim stance

47
Q

Yochelson and Samenow said that everyone had thinking errors but criminals had…..

A

thinking errors more frequently

48
Q

criminals have a greater frequency of thinking errors which amplify each other, leading to criminal thinking patterns and resulting in what?

A

a criminal personality

49
Q

according to Yochelson and Samenow what ultimately caused the criminal personality?

A

the frequency of the errors and the combination of them in criminals leads to a criminal personality

50
Q

cognitive theory

what is Kohlberg’s moral
development theory?

A

focuses on our development of moral thinking and tries to understand criminals’ thinking - It argues that our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of stages from childhood to adulthood

51
Q

arrange these stages of right and wrong development into the right order

  • . i do it so you like me
  • . i do it because its the right thing to do
  • . i do it so i dont get in trouble
  • . i do it so i get something out of it
  • . i do it because of a social contract we have with eachother
  • . i do it because its the law and i respect it
A
  1. i do it so i dont get into trouble
  2. i do it so i get something out of it
  3. i do it so you like me
  4. i do it because it is law and i respect it
  5. i do it because of a social contract we have with eachother
  6. i do it because it is the right thing to do
52
Q

where is a criminals level of moral development?

A

a low developed less mature level than everyone else

53
Q

according to Kohlberg’s moral development theory how does a criminal think (in terms of their morals)

A

criminals think in terms of punishment and reward rather than right or wrong or how it might affect others, making them more likely to offend

54
Q

what are the three catagories of our development of morals & the age range they apply to?

A
  1. pre-conventional (up to age 6)
  2. conventional (age 7 to 11)
  3. post conventional (age 11+)

criminology (6 decks)

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