Individualistic theories Flashcards

Question

what 2 ideas does eysenk explain his findings with

Answer 1

conditioning and genetic inheritance

Answer 2

through experience we learn toseek pleasure and avoid pain

Answer 3

some individuals inherit a nervous system which causes them to develop criminal behaviour. this works as follows: -extraverts: nervous system that needs a high level of stimulation from their environment, so they are constanly seeking excitement, leading to impulsive rule-breaking behaviour -neurotics: harder to condition into following societies rules due to having anxiety preventing them from learning from punishment

Answer 4

-criminal behaviour is learned behaviour -influence of our immediate social environment such as the family and peer groups -key role of reinforcement and punishments in the learning process

Answer 5

1.Sutherland's differential association 2.Skinner's operant learning theory 3.Bandua's social learning theory

Answer 6

individuals learn criminal behaviour largely in the family and peer groups result of imitation and learned attitudes

Answer 7

individuals acquire criminal skills and techniques through observing others around them individuals

Answer 8

socialisation within the group exposes individuals to attitudes and values about law eg: In his study of White Collar Crime, he found that workplaces often normalised criminal behaviour by claiming that everyone did it

Answer 9

if a particular behaviour results in a reward it is likely to be repeated, whereas if a behaviour is punished then it is unlikely to be repeated

Answer 10

the cause of someone's behaviour lies in the reinforcements and punishments. the focus on behaviour shaping has led to the theory becoming known as behaviourism

Answer 11

criminal behaviour is learned through the reinforcement of particular behaviours. if a crime has rewarding consequences, people are more likely to engage in the behaviour Does punishment outweigh the reward?

Answer 12

we learn much of our behaviour by imitating other people Bandura calls these people "models"- we are more likely to imitate the model's behaviour if they are of higher status than us

Answer 13

yes- depends on the consequences of that behaviour if we see the model being rewarded for their behaviour, we are more likely to imitate it than if we see them being punished for it

Answer 14

-divided children into 3 groups -all groups were shown a video of an adult model being aggressive towards an inflatable doll -Group 1 saw a version where the model was rewarded with praise: this group imitated the behaviour -Group 2 saw a version where the model was punished: didn't imitate the behaviour -Group 3 saw a version where the behaviour was ignored : imitated the model, less so

Answer 15

if an individual observes a model (eg: peer) getting rewarded for their criminality, the theory predicts that the behaviour is more likely to be imitated

Answer 16

refers to the thinking and mental processes argue that mental processes shape behaviour

Answer 17

-Criminal personality theory, Yochelson and Samenow -Kohlberg's moral development theory

Answer 18

criminals are prone to faulty thinking and this causes them to commit crime

Answer 19

argue that criminals show a range of errors and biases in their thinking and decision making

Answer 20

a long-term study of 240 male offenders, most of whom had been committed to a psychiatric hospital

Answer 21

1.Closed channel thinking 2.Victimstance 3.Views self as a good person 4.Lack of effort 5.Lack of interest in responsible performance 6. Lack of time perspective 7. Fear of fear 8.Power thrust 9. Uniqueness 10. Ownership attitude

Answer 22

argues that our idea of right and wrong develops through a series of levels and stages from childhood and adulthood

Answer 23

young children define right and wrong simply in terms of rewards and punishments adults identify right and wrong in terms of moral principles and values

Answer 24

criminals moral development is stuck at a less mature level than others they think solely in regard to rewards and punishments of actions rather than how it affects others- making them more likely to offend

Answer 25

aim to build cognitive skills and restructure biased or distorted thinking elements can include cognitive skills training, anger management, moral development and relapse prevention

Answer 26

cognitive behaviour therapy

Answer 27

-theory points to the importance of early socialisation and family relationships in understanding criminal behaviour -psychoanalytic explanations have had influence on policies

Answer 28

-critics doubt the existence of an "unconscious mind" -psychoanalytic explanations are unscientific and subjective = rely on claims

Answer 29

-research provided statistical evidence -his work shows the need to consider the role of parent-child relationships in explaining criminality

Answer 30

-retrospective study = relies on recall -accounts for 39% of children in terms of MD but not the 61% -bowbly's later research found no evidence of "affectionless psychopathy" -overestimates how far early childhood experiences have a permanent effect on later behaviour -Sammons and Putwain not the idea of a link between MD and criminality is not longer accepted

Answer 31

-Farrington examined a range of studies, that showed prisoners as neurotic and psychotic but not extraverted -E scale may be measuring 2 separate thing: impulsiveness and sociability -evidence shows a correlation between personality and crime- could prison cause someone to become neurotic? -offenders within the study may not be typical offenders -uses self-report questionnaire= relies on honesty

Answer 32

-theory is useful to describe how measurable the tendencies could increase the risk of offending -eysenk predicts that high E, N and P scores lead to criminality and some studies support this theory

Answer 33

-crime running in family supports the theory -matthews found that juvenile delinquent are more likely to have friends who commit anti-social acts -attitudes of work groups can normalise white collar crime

Answer 34

not everyone who is exposed to criminal influences becomes a criminal

Answer 35

-based on studying animals= not adequate model of humans -theory ignores internal mental processes such as thinking, values and attitudes -humans have free will and can choose their course of action

Answer 36

-skinners studies of learning in animals show how they learn from experience through reinforcement- some human learning is also this kind -can be applied to offending. (Jeffery's statement)

Answer 37

-unlike skinner, bandura takes account of the fact that we are social beings + learn from the experiences of others -bandura shows that children who observed aggressive behaviour being rewarded, imitated that behaviour = shows importance of role models

Answer 38

-theory is based on lab studies= artificial setting, findings may not be valid for real-life settings -theory assumes behaviour is completely determined by learning experiences, ignores freedom choice= conflicts legal values -not all observed behaviour is easily imitated

Answer 39

-no control group of non-criminals to compare -sample was unrepresentative, no women, most of the men found insane/psychiatric patients -high sample attrition (drop out) only 30 in the study at the end

Answer 40

-idea that criminals thinking patterns are different has led to further research EX-PICTS (questionnaire to address criminal thought patterns) -successful treatment CBT has been developed

Answer 41

-some studies show delinquents are more likely to have immature development -thronton and reid found the theory to be truer for crimes such as theft than violent crimes

Answer 42

focuses on moral thinking rather than moral behaviour someone may be perfectly capable of thinking morally while acting immorally

Individualistic theories Flashcards

Learning, psychodynamic, psychological and cognitive