Individualistic Policies Flashcards
What is the aim of a token economy
To shape behaviour by extinguishing undesirable behaviour and promoting desirable behaviour
How do token economies work
In a prison setting, tokens are given for desirable behaviours which can be traded for meaningful rewards
What prison behaviours might be rewarded
Obeying rules, making bed, respect to staff or inmates
What rewards might be given in prison
Cigarettes, shorter sentence, phone call
What is token economies based on
Operant conditioning (positive reinforcement)
Token economies outside of prison
They are hard to continue as they are not rewarded, limiting the effectiveness as they only work in controlled setting
Token economies ethical issues
Rewards are basic human rights, such as USA rewarding food or drink thats witheld
Types of offenders token economy
Only works on well behaved prisoners, discriminating against sever criminals who need intervention more
Token economy research support
Encourages 69% of prisoners to engage with prosocial behaviour.
What is psychoanalysis based on
Freud’s theory of personality highlighting the conflict between the id and the superego
What does psychoanalysis aim to do
Bring unconscious conflicts to the conscious and overcome them
What is free association
The analyst gives a word and the patient says the first worst they think of
What is dream analysis
Therapist asks a client to write down the details of their dream to find a symbolic meaning
What is hypnotising do
Encourages the patient to tell stories they wouldn’t tell in the conscious
What three techniques are used in psychoanalysis
Free association, dream analysis, hypnotism
Psychoanalysis is time consuming
Freud saw patients 5 times a week, over years and therefore didn’t treat many, limiting the scope and ruling it out as a main treatment.
Therapists power of psychoanalysis
Freud regarded homosexuality as abnormal and a mental illness, imposing their own definitions of what is normal
Psychoanalysis trauma on the patient
Could uncover painful memories and further mental health issues, heightening drop out rates, reducing effectiveness
What is anger management
A form of CBT, and talking therapy.
What is anger management based on
Cognitions shape behaviour
What is the aim of anger management
Challenge distorted thoughts and change them into rational ones
What is cognitive preparation
Offenders reflect on past experiences to find triggers
What is skills acquisition
Introducing techniques to deal with anger provoking situations
What are some anger management techniques
Positive self talk, meditation, assertiveness training
What is application practice
Practice skills in a controlled environment through role play, success is met with positive reinforcement
Anger management takes effort
It requires learning skills and willingness to sustain over a long period of time, need highly trained therapists
Anger management assuming
It assumes all offenders have anger issues, could have many causes, limits the range of offenders that can be treated.
Anger management mundane realism
Low as situations cannot be applied to real life to their full extent meaning it is not useful.
Anger management research support
Ireland found 92% improvement in behaviour compared to those who don’t have it
