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Psychology > Individual Differences > Flashcards

Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

What is the background to Freuds study

A
  • all children are born with an ID
  • ego and superego develop as we go through psychosexual stages ( oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital)
    -we go through these stages dependant on maturation and upbringing
  • problems in theses stages can lead to problems later in life
  • Oedipus and electra complex
  • unconscious sexual feelings
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2
Q

What was the method in Freuds study

A
  • longitudinal case study
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3
Q

What was the sample in Freuds study

A
  • one 5 year old boy from Austria
  • Herbert Graff
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4
Q

What was the case history in Freuds study

A
  • at age 3, hans started saw a cart horse
  • at age 4 hans developed a fear of horses
  • giraffe fantasy, hand dreamt there were two giraffes in his room one night, one large and the other crumpled, hans took the crumpled giraffe away from the large who cried out. He then sat on the crumpled giraffe
  • he also reported he had several children, when asked who the mother was he said ‘why mummy and you’re the granddaddy’
  • plumber fantasy, Hans fantasised a plumber had come and removed his bottom and penis and replaced them for larger ones
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5
Q

What were the findings in Freuds study

A
  • Freud believed Hans fear was an unconscious fear of his father and a consequence of going through the phallic stage and his attempts to resolve eodipus complex
  • the plumber fantasy was his identifying with his father, the child takes on some of the characteristics of the same sex parent
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6
Q

What did Freud conclude

A
  • infants have infantile sexuality and we develop through psychosexual stages
  • phobias could be seen as a deeper fear that is out unconscious mind
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7
Q

What was the background to baron cohens study

A
  • people with autism have problems understanding mental states of others
  • lack a theory of mind
  • exiting TOM tests are not valid for adults because it assumes a mental age of 6
  • wanted to develop an adult Tom test
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8
Q

What was the method used in baron cohens study

A
  • quasi experiment
  • matched p’s design
  • IV = whether the adult had high functioning autism/ Asperger’s, was normal or had Tourette’s
  • DV = score out of 25 on the eyes task
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9
Q

What was the sample in baron cohens study

A
  • self selected
  • 12 with Asperger’s
  • 4 with autism
  • 50 normal
  • 10 with Tourette’s
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10
Q

What was the procedure in baron cohens study

A
  • p’s were tested individually in a quiet room in their own homes or Cambridge university
  • participants were given the eyes task, 25 black and white photos of eyes for 3 seconds and a forced choice list of words for each set of eyes consisting of a target term and a foil term
  • also given happes strange stories task and 2 control tasks
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11
Q

What was the findings in baron cohens study

A
  • statistically significant difference between the scores fro autistic/Asperger’s and the other two groups
    -no significant difference between normal and Tourette’s group (mean score 20.4)
  • none of the p’s with Tourette’s made any errors on the strange stories task
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12
Q

What did baron cohen conclude

A
  • people with autism do have impaired theory of mind
  • an impaired theory of mind had no impact on intelligence
  • eyes task is a valid measure of Tom
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13
Q

What was the background to goulds study

A
  • some argue IQ is fixed at birth others argue it’s environmental factors that have an impact
  • IQ = intelligence quotient
  • yerkes wanted to raise scientific status so decided a reliable IQ test
  • yerkes believed intelligence was genetically inherited
  • goulds review looks at problems with IQ test and ethical and political implications
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14
Q

What was the method in goulds study

A
  • no research method it’s an edited extract from goulds book ‘the mismeasure of man’
  • it’s a review article looking at Hermes intelligence testing of recruits in ww1
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15
Q

What was the sample in yerkes study

A
  • 1.75 million army recruits in the USA during ww1
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16
Q

What was the procedure of yerkes study

A
  • yerkes developed the army alpha test designed for recruits who could read and had many factors that are in current iq tests
  • yerkes believed that the test measured intelligence that was not influenced by education or culture
  • however the tests were very bias and favoured people who were familiar with American culture
  • another test was the army beta test designed for people who couldn’t read or failed alpha test, it had picture completion tasks
  • this was also bias and had culturally specific pictures
  • individual spoken examination was for use of those who failed both others
17
Q

What was the findings in Gould study

A
  • EG boring a lieutenant working under yerkes analysed the data
  • the data was artificaliallt manipulated
  • data suggested the average mental age of white American adult was 13 suggesting the country was a nation of morons
  • darker the people the less intelligent they were
  • black man had the average age of 10.41
  • immigration restriction act was heavily influenced but his data
18
Q

What did Gould conclude

A
  • goulds review suggests there is cultural and historical bias in the way IQ tests were administered affecting the reliability
  • IQ tests don’t measure innate intelligence
19
Q

What was the background to hancocks study

A
  • psychopaths may have idiosyncratic linguistic styles
  • Williamson (1993) analysed their narratives
  • believed they would use more subordinating conjunctions, more references to physiological and material needs and more past tense words
20
Q

What was the method used in hancocks study

A
  • measured using the PCL-R (psychopathy checklist revised) created by hare
  • data was collected through self report method of semi structures interview
  • used step wise interview technique
  • analysed by Wmatrix and DAL
21
Q

What was the sample used in hancocks study

A
  • 52 male murderers ( 14 psychopaths and 38 non psychopath)
  • had convictions of 1st degree, 2nd degree and manslaughter
22
Q

What was the procedure of Hancocks study

A
  • participants were administered using the PCL-R which measures psychopathy using 20 criteria, each criteria being scored 0-2
  • diagnostic cut off point for psychopathy was 30
  • and inter rated reliability correlation was found to be significant at p< 0.01
  • participants were asked to describe there offence in as much detail as possible which was being recorded
  • they were prompted to provide detail using the step wise interview technique ( start with the most general questions and proceed to more narrowed)
  • interviews lasted 25 minutes
  • Text was analysed using the Wmatrix which compares parts of speech and analyses semantic concepts, and the DAL which was used to examine the affective tone of words
23
Q

What were the findings in Hancocks study

A
  • little difference in number of words produced, psychopaths average 2,201.5 and non averaged 2554.3
  • psychopaths used more subordinating conjunctives
  • psychopaths used roughly twice as many words relating to physiological and material needs (0.66% psychopath, 0.38% non)
  • psychopaths used more distancing behaviour
24
Q

What did hancock conclude

A
  • these findings suggest psychopaths are more likely to use cause and effect language when describing their crime, suggesting they are motivated by external forces
  • psychopaths are more focused on lower level needs on maslows hierarchy of needs
  • psychopaths language is less fluent
25
Q

What is the individual differences explanation

A
  • everyone behaves differently but some are so different they are considered abnormal
  • the way we behave is a consequence of our disposition or a factor unique to us rather than the situation we find ourselves in
26
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the individual differences area

A

+ often looks at mental disorders so there are practical applications as we have developed therapies

  • ethical issues as we could study people who are vulnerable
  • subjective methodology, some of the techniques, eg case studies are not fully objective and may be open to bias
27
Q

What is the explanation for the psychodynamic perspective

A
  • much of our behaviour occurs as a result of our unconscious processes
  • we develop the 3 parts of our personality through passing through the psychosexual stages
  • problems in childhood lead to fixation and regression
28
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective

A

+ takes into account both nature and nurture, meaning it’s not too reductionist
+ explains some psychological issues

  • lacks scientific evidence because the unconscious is impossible to test scientifically
  • open to interpretation so they are subjective

Psychology (6 decks)

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