developmetal area

Question 1

what is the background to banduras study

Answer 1

• social learning theory suggest behaviour is learnt through imitation of role models
• research suggests we are more likely to repeat behaviour if we see it rewarded
• bandura wanted to see if children would show more aggressive acts if they had a aggressive model, boys will show more aggressive acts than girls, more likely to imitate same sex

Question 2

what was the design in banduras study

Answer 2

• laboratory experiment
• independant/matched participants design
• IV = whether child saw an aggressive or non aggressive model, sex of model, sex of child
• DV = amount of aggressive acts imitated noted through observavtion
• baseline levels of aggression were measured at the start

Question 3

what was the sample in banduras study

Answer 3

• 72 children were used from stanford university nursery school
• mean age of 52 months

Question 4

what was the procedure of banduras experiment

Answer 4

• children were taken to play for 10 mins, agressive condition saw the model physically and verbally being aggressive to the bobo doll
• in the non aggressive the model played with a tinker toy set for the whole time
  -mild aggression arousal by being allowed to play with a toy for 2 minutes then they toy being taken away
• children were taken to a room and their behaviour was observed for 20 minutes by experimenters watching through a one way mirror noting the number of imitative and non imitative acts
• observer relaibilty was +0.9

Question 5

what were the findings of banduras study

Answer 5

• children in the agressive model showed more imitative verbal and physical acts
• children in non aggressive showed little aggression (1.5 compared to 25.4)
• boys were more aggressive than girls ( 25.4 compared to 7.2)

Question 6

what did bandura conclude

Answer 6

• children learn through observation and imitation
• physical aggression is more likely to be learnt from a male model
• boys imitate more physical aggression than girls, maybe because its more acceptable in society

Question 7

what was the background of chaneys study

Answer 7

• argued we learn through operant conditioning 9 learning through association)
• study aimed to see if operant conditioning could be used to encourage inhaler usage through positive reinforcement
• increase adherence to medical routine if they used a funhaler

Question 8

what was the design in chaneys study

Answer 8

• field experiment
• repeated measures design
• IV = whether the child used breath a tec or funhaler
• DV = amount of adherence to medical routine

Question 9

how many participants were in chaneys study

Answer 9

• 32 children
• mean age of 3.2 years
• average duration of asthma was 2.2 years
• randomly selected from a gp

Question 10

what was the procedure of chaneys study

Answer 10

• parents were sent a questionnaire to establish existing attitudes and usage
• then asked to use the funhaler for 2 weeks
• after 2 weeks they were sent a second matched questionnaire to indicate usage and attitude
• each parent was called at random and given a phone interview to see if they had medicated their child on the previous day.

Question 11

what were the findings in chaneys study

Answer 11

• 60% more children took their dose when using the funhaler in comparison to standard medication
• 22/30 parents said they were always successful with funhaler compared to 3/30 with the standard device
• in the phone interview 38% had medicated there child previous day using the funhaler

Question 12

what were the conclusions in chaneys study

Answer 12

• the funhaler may be useful in helping to manage asthma in young children
• positive reinforcement devices can encourage behaviours and improve health in young children

Question 13

what was the background in kolbergs study

Answer 13

• kolberg wanted to see if moral development changed over time in a predictable way as children develop, and if this was true for children of all cultures
• level 1 = stage 1, obedience and punishment orientated
  Stage 2, self interest orientation
• level 2 = stage 3, conformity to expectations and rules
  Stage 4, law and order orientation
• level 3 = stage 5, social contraction orientation
  Stage 6, universal principles orientation

Question 14

what was the design in kolbergs study

Answer 14

• longitudinal study following the same group of boys for 12 years
• presented boys with moral dilemmas ( a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between 2 courses of action )

Question 15

what was kolbergs sample

Answer 15

• 75 american boys aged 10-16 at the start
• moral development was also studied in other cultures e.g uk. canada, taiwan, mexico and turkey

Question 16

what was kolbergs procedure

Answer 16

• participants were presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas in the form of short stories
• the stories were to determine each participants stage of moral reasoning for each of the 25 moral concepts
• when they understood the dilemma they were asked what the character should do in the situation

Question 17

what were the results in kolbergs study

Answer 17

• moral development does go through the 6 stages he proposed
• p’s were seen as being at a particular stage when 50% of their responses fitted in that stage
• we pass through one stage at a time in the same order
• people in different cultures go through the same stage

Question 18

what did kolberg conclude

Answer 18

• cultural universality to the sequence of stages
• each stage comes at one time in the same order

Question 19

what was the background to lees study

Answer 19

• lee aimed to investigate the cross cultural differences in children’s understandings and moral evaluations of lying
• compared individualist ( Canadian) and collectivist ( Chinese)

Question 20

what was lees design

Answer 20

• laboratory setting
• independant measures design
• IV = whether the p’s heard a social story or physical story
• whether the p’s heard a prosocial story or antisocial story
• DV = the rating given to the story characters deed, and the rating given to what the character said

Question 21

what was the sample in lees study

Answer 21

• 120 chinese children ( 40 7yo, 40 9yo, 40 11yo)
• 108 canadian children ( 36 7yo, 40 9yo, 32 11yo)

Question 22

what was the procedure in lees study

Answer 22

• each had 4 different stories read to them, 2 were prosocial, 2 were antisocial. the order was counterbalanced
• after each question children were shown a 7 point rating chart
• after the deed section of the story was read out the children were asked was what they did good or naughty
• the child could respond verbally or non verbally using the scale

Question 23

what was the results in lees study

Answer 23

• the chinese and canadian children were very similiar in their negative ratings or lying in antisocial situations and their positive rating of truth telling
• chinese and canadian children differed in their evaluations of truth telling and lying in prosocial situations
• 70% of the Chinese 11 year olds rated lying positively in pro social situations, compared to 25% of Chinese 7 year olds

Question 24

what were the conclusions in lees study

Answer 24

• moral reasoning can be influenced by the culture and society in which we live
• chinese children are taught modesty and humility
• moral development is different in different cultures as a result of social norms and practices
• nurture element to moral development

Question 25

What is the developmental explanation

Answer 25

• the way we behave changes as we age
• children think differently to adults
• our development is affected by nature and nurture

Question 26

What are the strengths and weaknesses of developmental area

Answer 26

+ area has practical applications, we can use this area to assess whether children are developing normally or not
+ area has increased understanding of how children develop

• some of this research is considered unethical as children are often studied
• research can lack scientific features, hard to measure children’s thoughts

Question 27

What is the explanation for the behaviourist perspective

Answer 27

• all behaviour is learnt through our environment
• we are born black slate ( tabula Rosa)
• we learn through operant and classical conditioning and SLT

Question 28

What are the strengths and weaknesses of behaviourist perspective

Answer 28

+ extraneous variables have been controlled so it’s easier to establish a cause and effect
+ practical applications, understanding the impact of watching aggression has on children has led to media restrictions

• reductionist as it explains all behaviour as learnt ignoring biological factors
• can lack ecological validity