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The British Empire - history > India > Flashcards

India Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a settlement colony?

Give 3 examples

A

West Indies, cape colony and Australia

Founded by people of British origin and ruled by a British appointed governor

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2
Q

What is a crown colony?

A

Trading or naval bases. Few British settlers but ruled by British officials (except India which was ruled by several as it’s so huge)

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3
Q

What were the two distinct periods within the empire?

A

1815-1870 : age of anti imperialism. Empire not growing, only thriving within its original confines.

1870-1945 : “new imperialism”

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4
Q

What would the Indians of referred to the Indian mutiny of 1857 as?

A

A war of independence

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5
Q

When east India company had a royal charter granted by queen Elizabeth, what did it allow and where?

A

Monopoly on all trade in east or the cape of Africa

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6
Q

What year does the EIC monopoly end?

Why?

A

1813

Britain can now charge ships coming into ports like London money, increasing their wealth

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7
Q

What year did the Indian mutiny end?

A

1858

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8
Q

How did Britain end the mutiny?

4 points!

A
  • British forces march to Lucknow aiming to end the uprising in Oudh. They had extra supplies and resources.
  • Britain were supported by a large Nepalese force
  • Br had a slow and methodical advance - very effective
  • March 1858 - mostly a success but was a rebel force
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9
Q

Profile of Colonel Campbell :

Hint - previous career?
Current career?
Lucknow?

A

Part of the first opium was and the Crimean war.

July 1857 becomes commander in chief of all British forces in India during mutiny

November 1857 he relieved and evacuated Lucknow

March 1858 captured Lucknow again

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10
Q

Aftermath of the end of the mutiny?

Hints : policies towards rebels?

A

Harsh punishments for rebels e.g being blown out a cannon.

The Br press demanded for no mercy to be given to them due to what happened in Cawnpore

Rebels suffered huge losses (100,000)

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11
Q

What happened to Badun Shah at the end of the Indian mutiny?

A

Lived at Delhi. He was tried at a military court there and exiled so if trouble arose in the future with the rebels, they’d have no one as a leader

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12
Q

What year did queen Victoria become the empress of India and why?

A

1877

Cement the link between Britain and India

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13
Q

What happened to the EIC after the end of the mutiny?

A

They ended. They had no rule in India

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14
Q

What were the reactions in the British press to the Indian mutiny?

A
  • Br wrote articles and political cartoons such as ‘Justice’.
  • Publications supported harsh punishments given out by Br troops (seen as justifications)
  • Incidents (like Cawnpore) made people at home angry as they were so horrific
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15
Q

Why was the mutiny a success for Britain?

A

It was ended by help of other Indian soldiers showing loyalty

Emperor had no control over mutineers showing britains clear growing influence

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16
Q

Why was the mutiny a success for India?

A

Able to relieve the old Mughal empire and did it fast.

Mughal empire = all Indian princes united under one roof

17
Q

What did Britain do after the mutiny in terms of changes?

1858-1914

4 points!!!

Hint : policy ??
EIC?
Army?
Br rule?

A

Ended EIC as showed they were incapable of running India in a secure way. It had such a huge army which was then put under Br control

Marks beginning of total British rule. Now sectary of state and council of 15 ministers.

Br army was reformed - more men, prevented sepoys from using artillery, every 2 sepoy units should had a British supervisor

Policy of appeasement towards princely states - money given to princes to ensure loyalty

18
Q

What was the government of India act and what year?

4 points

Hint : who passed it?

A

1857

Conservative govt under Lord Palmerston passes act

It abolished EIC and passed its powers and territory to crown

Sectary of state and 15 ministers created

Viceroy replaces Governor General

Promise was made to not interfere with Indian religious matters and that there would be equality of opportunity

19
Q

When queen Victoria became the empress of India, what did the liberals believe?

A

Said Britain conservatives were doing absolutism (form of govt where all power held under one authority).

Liberals believed conservatives were preventing India from being independent and free

20
Q

What was material improvement?

A

Idea that India needed to be made more secure

21
Q

Under the idea of material improvement, what changed?

Hint : railway only

A

• Railway building - troops and weapons could travel efficiently. Idea initially proposed in 1853 by Dalhousie and by 1857 288 miles built in 3 lines. 1859 planned network and by 1881 9891 miles completed.

Overseen by Br engineers, Indian labour force. Terrible conditions - poor pay, disease and weather

22
Q

Under material improvement, what ways did Britain ‘improve’ India besides the railway?

A

•Irrigation

1900 large scale irrigation in place. 30 million acres artificially irrigated and had total cultivated land of 197 million.

Improved growth of crops as had access to water, important in combatting droughts.

•Extended postal and telegraphic services

23
Q

Under material improvement, what happened to Indias economy and trade?

Hint : what role did railways play?
What happened between farmers?

A

Did not promote Indian industries as competing British interests.

Railway accelerated loss of traditional craft as goods could be transported from big cities

Britain didn’t let India make cotton. Shipped to Britain, made into clothing and shipped back - expensive for Indians

Attitude of merchants and planters = hostile towards indigo planters in bengal. Native plantation doing better than Britain. Was armed confrontation as natives had more land so more land to grow indigo so more money

24
Q

By the 1870s, what were Indians 5 largest exports?

A 
Cotton 
Opium 
Grains
Indigo 
Tea
25
Q

What was the babu?

A

Traditionally term of respect to describe Indian clerks. Later became a derogatory term to describe Indian administrators

26
Q

Babu = Indian

What did the babus do? Go? Why?

What was planned for them? What really happened?

A

Bought to the U.K., taught in English universities and return to India to share their experiences and westernise native Indians, lead them to English tastes, morals and intellect

Before mutiny, meant to be successors of Br administration

After mutiny, became redundant as Br believed they didn’t represent Indian population as didn’t fit in with new policy of Br rule (collab with Indian princes and elites)

27
Q

Why did the mocking of the babu break the govt of India act?

A

They were not given equality like Britain had stated

28
Q

What year did the Indian national congress form?

A

1885

29
Q

In 1883, why did the INC protest to the British?

A

Protested at Br proposal to extend role of magistrate to British men. Traditionally was a role only given to educated Indian men.

Indians saw this as Br trying to be racially superior

30
Q

What was the INC?

A

Aimed to create platform for dialogue between British raj and India

Group of educated Indians from different professions that could meet annually to discuss changes - could put forward their feed back to brit govt

In 1885 first meeting held with approval of Lord dufferin (liberal move)

31
Q

Profile : viceroy George curzon

How was he successful?
How was he criticised?
What did he do?

A

Viceroy at unstable time (revolt in north India over territory)
He was successful as he settled the north and restored Taj Mahal (cultural icon)

BUT

In charge at time of famine 1899-1900. Was high mortality rates (1 mil). India was still recovering from famine of 1896.

Faced criticism for inaction but unfair as he implemented famine relief, reduced taxes, improved irrigation, cut back rations

32
Q

Profile of Curzon in the military

What did he create?

A

1901 imperial cadet corps.

Indian elites and princes could have military training but only a select few would become officers

Faced little support, unpopular, forced to resign

33
Q

Viceroy lord dufferin (1884-1888)

Profile.

A
  • previous diplomatic career, good understanding of great game
  • support from Anglo Indians and native Indians
  • supported advancement of Indian nationalists
  • 1888 dufferin report
34
Q

Viceroy Charles Hardinge 1910-1916

4 points

A

Worked under Br lib govt
Long diplomatic career
Moved capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912
Formed better relationships between Br govt and Indian nationalists

35
Q

What year was the Delhi Durbar?

A

1911

36
Q

What did the delhi durbar mark?

A

George V coming to the throne

37
Q

Who attended the Delhi Durbar?

A

Every prince and nobleman

Over half a mil of the public attended

The British Empire - history (7 decks)

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