Egypt

Question 1

What event caused increased interest in reaching the spice islands (via Suez Canal?)

Answer 1

When Diaz (famous French explorer) reached the cape of good hope

Question 2

Why couldn’t napoleon in the 1800s construct the canal?

Answer 2

His engineers believed it wouldn’t work as thought Mediterranean and Red Sea were at different levels

Question 3

Who was muhammed ali pasha?

Profile

6 points

Answer 3

Viceroy of Egypt 1805-48

• declared himself as viceroy, vanished Turkish people and killed tribal leaders
• wanted to reform Egyptian society (Arabic leader who believed in educating women)
• favourable to European traders as enjoyed western influence
• established factories (cotton, guns)
• promotes growth of cotton on Nile delta
• allowed over land trade tributes (began to open up Africa)

Question 4

What is a khedive?

Answer 4

Ruler of Egypt

Question 5

Who was Thomas Waghorn?

What did he do?

4 points

Answer 5

Developed postal route from Britain to India using eastern connections

Had support from Muhammad Ali pasha for land route

1835-37 established foundations for route from Cairo to suez

Unsuccessful and muhammed Ali pasha took the enterprise

Question 6

Why did Egypt have a historic relationship with the French?

Answer 6

Due to napoleonic invasion of 1798

Question 7

Muhammed Ali pasha and his successor, Muhammed Sa’id, both used what?

Answer 7

Advisors from powerful European states and relied on French engineers and planners for the Suez Canal

Question 8

Who did muhammed sa’id grant permission to to build Canal in 1854?

Answer 8

Ferdinand de lesseps

Question 9

Why did Britain criticise the fact ferdinand was to build the Canal?

Answer 9

Because he was a powerful French man and did not want Canal to be under monopoly of powerful European power

Question 10

Who built Canal?

Answer 10

Corvee labour force - peasant workers who were press ganged to work

Question 11

Why did Lib Br pm lord Palmerston claim the work on the Suez Canal was ‘impracticable’ ?

Answer 11

Would be huge disadvantage to British trade as ships would be controlled by French.

Question 12

Why was Canal important to Britain?

Answer 12

Reduced travel time to and from India

Question 13

What did Britain prevent Lesseps from securing?

In hope of what?

Answer 13

A bank loan

Hoping it would stop him building the Canal

Question 14

What did Lesseps do to overcome Britain preventing him from getting a loan?

Answer 14

Sold shares to the French, earning a massive profit

Question 15

What did Britain say was slave labour?

How did he French counter argue this?

Answer 15

Corvee labour

French said Britain had used slave labour to construct railway in Egypt which opened in 1854

Question 16

Impact of Canal:

What does it gain?
What was built?
What happened to Egypts debts?

Answer 16

Attracts British investment.

Br offer loans with high interest to help development e.g. Railway built as well as schools roads etc

1863-79 debt rose from 3 mil to 100 mil

1875 debt crisis so bad Isma il pasha requests help

Question 17

When does Suez Canal open?

When is work finished?

Answer 17

1869

Work totally finished in 1871

Question 18

When does isma il pasha sell Egypts shares of Canal and why?

Answer 18

1875

Because of debts

Question 19

Who purchases egypts Suez Canal shares?

What does this mean?

Answer 19

Disraeli

Be now has significant interest in trade routes

Joint shareholders with French

But despite selling shares, later in 1875 Br govt in debt again

Question 20

British military involvement:

Who takes control of Egypt?

Answer 20

France and Britain

Question 21

British military involvement:

Who do they force to abdicate? Who is he replaced with?

Answer 21

Isma il pasha abdicates

Tawfiq il pasha installed

Question 22

What happens in Egypt on June 1882?

British military involvement:

Answer 22

Riots break out again European influence.

French refuse their involvement

Lib Br govt sanction military intervention with little persuasion

Question 23

In 1877 Evelyn baring is sent to Egypt as what?

Answer 23

British controller of fincances

Question 24

French responsible for?

Britain responsible for?

Answer 24

Fr - govt expenditure

Br - raising money

Question 25

When do changes to Egypt under Britain start and finish?

Who do the changes work for / not work for?

Answer 25

Start in 1878 and end in 1882

Work for administration - restored Egyptian financial stability

Did not work for wider population, increased starvation, unemployment and rioting

Question 26

How did Br raise money for the Egyptian govt?

Answer 26

• interest on foreign loans reduced to 5%
• pay of arm, govt workers and civil servants cut
• sales taxes on food, goods etc

Question 27

3 points about the Egyptian uprising :

Answer 27

• 11th June 1882 breaks out in Alexandria and 50 Europeans die
• Br govt orders formal occupation of Egypt
• in oct 1882 rebellion crushed and urabi pasha exiled to Ceylon

Question 28

Previous career of earl of Cromer?

Answer 28

Private sectary to viceroy of India

Question 29

What did earl of Cromer believe?

Answer 29

Local rule did not benefit countries - all countries should have firm British colonial govt within them

Question 30

What did earl of Cromer introduce?

Hint - docterine

Answer 30

The Granville docterine

Allowed Br ministers to remove Egyptian ministers who did not accept Br instructions

Question 31

What did earl of Cromer do to Egyptian army?

Answer 31

Reorganised it like a British one

Question 32

What did earl of Cromer create?

2 points

Answer 32

Puppet parliament and veiled protectorate

Question 33

When were Egyptian finances settled finally?

Answer 33

1887