Indestrial Revolution Flashcards
What do most historians think about the IR today
That it was a turning point in the history of the world, the changed the western world from a rural and Ahriman society to an urban and industrial society
What was Britain like before IR
- It was primarily a society built around agriculture
- Ppl lived in rural areas (small villages and towns)
- Open field system - 3 fields + common land
- limited agricultural innovation in land use
Cottage industry -
Where was Britain importing huge amounts of cotton from
American colonies
Where was most woven into cloth
In homes or small shops by hand, this was very time consuming and very labor - intensive
What was done under the “putting - out system”
Textiles were produced, in which merchant clothiers had their work done in the homes of artisans or farming families
Explain cloth making process
Slide 8 page 3
Dates…
- Industrial Revolution
- Slave trade
- slaves entering the British isles are freed
- Britain bans slave trade
- abolition of slavery act - French Revolution
- Mid 1700’s to Mid 1800’s
- 1400’s to 1800’s
- 1772
- 1807
- 1833 - 1789-1799
Why was Britain first to be industrialized
- Many natural resources available in Britain including large amounts of iron and coal
- Labour supply, a large population that was no longer working on farms and could work in cities
- Population explosion = more workers, also needing to provide for more people casing innovation
- Geographical advantages including a large river system for water power and many natural harbours for easy trade
- A strong stable government allowed a strong stable economy to develop which resulted in extra money to invest. British parliament had some freedom from the Monarch and it didn’t place to many restrictions on the economy and the country had little u rest or threat of political revolution
- Colonial market, expanding Atlantic trade, strong tariff free home market creates new demands for manufactured goods
- Colonial empire provided much needed raw materials and markets, British navy strongest in the world and dominates Ocean trade, safe transport of Goods as well as access to materials
- Spreads to continental Europe, United States of America, and Japan between 1850 and 1914
General causes of the industrial revolution
- agricultural innovations
- population increase
- growth of foreign trade
- inventions of new technologies
- new energy supplies
- improvements in transport
- Agricultural innovations-
What did Lord Townshend in England introduce
Crop rotation, so that land could now be used all year round, certain crops revitalized the soil
- crops rotated each year
- each crop returns the nutrients used the year before to the soil
What did jethro Tull invent
Seed drill and horse hoe
Robert Bakewell did what
Improved livestock breeding
What did then closure movement do
Had large land owners buying and then fencing public land
What two other things came about
Reaping machines and fertilizer
What does all of this do to the economy
Produces capital accumulation for investment but depresses workers wages as unemployment soars
before the enclosure movement
- common land was leased from wealthy landowner and not fenced in
- subsistence farming
- simple farming tool
-
after enclosure movement
- dramatic increases in agricultural production due to new inventions in farming
- landowners fenced off all their land, bigger and more efficient farms or brought right to common land
- produced surplus food to feed growing population
- no more common land
- small farms and farm laborers suffered
- many small farm owners and laborers became homeless
How did the small farms and laborers suffer
- had to pay for fencing
- had to have their own Oxen to work on farms
- could no longer graze on common land
- they had to sell their land instead
What did the farmers who became homeless do
Moved to cities to find work , ( industrialized cities had factories and mines)
- Population increase
Population in Europe in 1700 and 1800
1700 - 100 million
1800 - 190 million
- Growth of foreign trade
Supply and market sources through where and trade with
Through colonies In Africa , Americas
and trade with India and Asia
Availability of who with what
Investors with money to risk on ventures
- New technology
Name 5 new inventions that modernized textile manufacturing
1733- (John Kay) flying shuttle- used to weave cloth
1760- (James Hargreaves) spinning Jenny- allowed or multiple threads to be woven together (decreases the amount of work a spinster had to do to make yarn) it could spin up to 8 spools of yarn at once
1769- water frame - (Richmond Arkwright) used to water from fast flowing rivers to power spinning frame
1785- water loom (Edmund Cartwright) first machine that could weave cloth at increased output
1793- cotton gin (Eli Whitney) machine that separated cotton seeds from the cotton
What effect would these inventions have on the cottage cloth industry and how would it effect the people and their sources of income
General knowledge answer
What did these advancements result in
The movement of work from the home to the factory
- machines were to big for the houses
- ppl needed to run the mac he’s in factories, left home for work
- New energy supplies
4 things that happened ….
- things were water powered
- steam engine invented
- the huge ironworks would never have come into existence without the steam engine (the 3rd great trigger of the age)
- iron became a viable building commodity and was used in the steam engine
Steam engine invented when and by who
In 1769
James watt
Why was it revolutionary
Coz it was used to generate power for industry as well as being used in transportation
What did it requiring coal do
Increased mining
- Improvements to transportation (canals)
What are canals
Man made waterways used for transportation
What canal was built in 1756 and 1759
1756- rule of Bridgewater hired James Brindley to build a canal the coal mine on his property to Manchester called the Bridgewater Canal, this resisted in price of coal in Manchester dropping 90%
1759 - grand trunk canal began, investors include, Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgewood, Matthew Boultan and James watt (all members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham)
Locomotive, rail and paved road
What did the development of the railway do the economy and why
It stimulated economy by providing cheap and efficient transport which lowered the carriage cost of goods
Describe railways compared to canals
Railways were faster and more efficient
How were ppl and good transported befor IR
On dirt roads by horse drawn coaches and wagons
John macadam invented?
Tarmac Road
By the 1830’s thousands of km of the new surfaced roads were built between factory towns and seaports
How were Tarmac roads designed
Large stones at the bottom then smaller stones in the middle and then gravel on the the top with ditches on either side and the road curved slightly (camber)so water would run into the ditches instead of staying in the road
Steamship
Invented by and and when
Robert Fulton
1807
Impacts and changes made by the IR
Name 6
- Urbanization, cities began to dominate the western world
- Creates a new social order,
with the rise of an influential middle class - Poor working conditions for lower class eventually lead to new social and political movements
- Invention of the steam engine in 1763 shifts labor from humans and animals to machines
- Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced
- Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign land (imperialism)
Urbanization
Why did ppl begin to urbanize
Because of the population explosion and high demand for workers in factories ppl moved to the cities in LARGE quantities (less ppl were needed on farms because of the innovations in agriculture)
City life
Where did cities grow
Around factories and or mines
What was wrong with the growing of these cities
They were growing too rapidly without planning, working ppl lived in tenements in hellish slums
Ppl could also live in lodging house, one family per room
Where did ppl usually live
Near the factories and the smoke they produced, able to walk to work
What us a tenement
A room or a set of rooms forming separate residence within a house or block of flats
What else was wrong with city life (3)
Houses were cramped into a small area
The lack of planning meant there was no sewage, running water or sanitation system
- a whole street would share one water pump
- often an open sewer ran down the middle of the street
- household rubbish was thrown into the street
Towns were dirty and disease spread quickly ( 1832- outbreak of cholera killed more than 31000’people)
Poverty
What causes poverty
- not enough jobs for all moving into towns
- oversupply of labor led to lower wages that ppl couldn’t survive on
- increasing mechanization meant more unemployment
- resulted in many families sending children to work
Poverty existing in countryside
- children sent out to work
- bird scarers, younger children
- casual laborers, older children
- long working hours 4am to 7 pm
What did homeless children do
Stole, pick packets to buy food
- slept in doorways or outhouses
- some did jobs (crossing sweepers or street sellers)
Workhouses
What are they
Places to help the very poor, date back to 1600
What poor law was passed in 1834
Act of parliament- all were sick, old or unemployed people to be looked after in workhouse
What did ppl in workhouses get
Food and somewhere to sleep in exchange for work with no pay
Why weren’t they nice
They were kept unpleasant so that people wouldn’t abuse them, you will only go to a workhouse if you had nowhere else
What did factories use from workhouses
They sometimes used orphans from the workhouses in the factories
Working life in factories
-Factory and mine work was difficult and dangerous
-Typical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours, six days a week, little rest
-If you complained, you are fired
If you got sick, you are fired
-If you got hurt and could no longer work, you are fired
-Strict discipline and harsh punishment
-Unhealthy working conditions
Women at work
Why did factories hire women
Because they could pay them less
How long were the hours for women
12 hours a day and they were still expected to cook, clean, etc when I finally got home
Children at work
Why did the children work
Because families needed the income working children could provide
What wages did the kids get and how long were the hours
The children were hired at very low wages and they worked in the same dangerous factories for the same long hours as adults
Why didn’t they go to school
Because although public education was available it was not required
Demand for child workers
Why was there such a big demand
Children could be hired at a very low wages, they were submissive, obedient, likely to respond to punishment and Unlikely to start unions, often used for dangerous jobs crawling into small spaces that Adults couldn’t fit into
Cotton mills - child labor
How many kids worked in cotton mills
Thousands
What did owners often give the orphans
A place to live, but worked them hard for no payback
Did they get time to play
No they spent all their time at the machines
What serious accidents were the children exposed to
Scalping, hands crushed, death
Mines -‘child labor
Dangers
Very dangerous
- doves caved in
- explosions
- many injuries
- very few safety rules
What did they do in the mines
Cut and moved coal
What did very young children do
They were trappers opening doors for Coal wagons and it was an easier job but very lonely cold and damp
What did the older children do
Coal bearers, carrying coal in baskets on backs
What was the mine act and when was it set
In 1842
- all women and girls and boys under 10 forbidden to work in mines
- later changed to 12
