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Indestrial Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What do most historians think about the IR today

A

That it was a turning point in the history of the world, the changed the western world from a rural and Ahriman society to an urban and industrial society

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2
Q

What was Britain like before IR

A
  • It was primarily a society built around agriculture
  • Ppl lived in rural areas (small villages and towns)
  • Open field system - 3 fields + common land
  • limited agricultural innovation in land use
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3
Q

Cottage industry -

Where was Britain importing huge amounts of cotton from

A

American colonies

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4
Q

Where was most woven into cloth

A

In homes or small shops by hand, this was very time consuming and very labor - intensive

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5
Q

What was done under the “putting - out system”

A

Textiles were produced, in which merchant clothiers had their work done in the homes of artisans or farming families

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6
Q

Explain cloth making process

A

Slide 8 page 3

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7
Q

Dates…

  1. Industrial Revolution
  2. Slave trade
    - slaves entering the British isles are freed
    - Britain bans slave trade
    - abolition of slavery act
  3. French Revolution
A
  1. Mid 1700’s to Mid 1800’s
  2. 1400’s to 1800’s
    - 1772
    - 1807
    - 1833
  3. 1789-1799
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8
Q

Why was Britain first to be industrialized

A
  1. Many natural resources available in Britain including large amounts of iron and coal
  2. Labour supply, a large population that was no longer working on farms and could work in cities
  3. Population explosion = more workers, also needing to provide for more people casing innovation
  4. Geographical advantages including a large river system for water power and many natural harbours for easy trade
  5. A strong stable government allowed a strong stable economy to develop which resulted in extra money to invest. British parliament had some freedom from the Monarch and it didn’t place to many restrictions on the economy and the country had little u rest or threat of political revolution
  6. Colonial market, expanding Atlantic trade, strong tariff free home market creates new demands for manufactured goods
  7. Colonial empire provided much needed raw materials and markets, British navy strongest in the world and dominates Ocean trade, safe transport of Goods as well as access to materials
  8. Spreads to continental Europe, United States of America, and Japan between 1850 and 1914
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9
Q

General causes of the industrial revolution

A
  1. agricultural innovations
  2. population increase
  3. growth of foreign trade
  4. inventions of new technologies
  5. new energy supplies
  6. improvements in transport
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10
Q
  1. Agricultural innovations-

What did Lord Townshend in England introduce

A

Crop rotation, so that land could now be used all year round, certain crops revitalized the soil

  • crops rotated each year
  • each crop returns the nutrients used the year before to the soil
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11
Q

What did jethro Tull invent

A

Seed drill and horse hoe

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12
Q

Robert Bakewell did what

A

Improved livestock breeding

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13
Q

What did then closure movement do

A

Had large land owners buying and then fencing public land

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14
Q

What two other things came about

A

Reaping machines and fertilizer

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15
Q

What does all of this do to the economy

A

Produces capital accumulation for investment but depresses workers wages as unemployment soars

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16
Q

before the enclosure movement

A
  • common land was leased from wealthy landowner and not fenced in
  • subsistence farming
  • simple farming tool

-

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17
Q

after enclosure movement

A
  • dramatic increases in agricultural production due to new inventions in farming
  • landowners fenced off all their land, bigger and more efficient farms or brought right to common land
  • produced surplus food to feed growing population
  • no more common land
  • small farms and farm laborers suffered
  • many small farm owners and laborers became homeless
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18
Q

How did the small farms and laborers suffer

A
  • had to pay for fencing
  • had to have their own Oxen to work on farms
  • could no longer graze on common land
  • they had to sell their land instead
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19
Q

What did the farmers who became homeless do

A

Moved to cities to find work , ( industrialized cities had factories and mines)

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20
Q
  1. Population increase

Population in Europe in 1700 and 1800

A

1700 - 100 million

1800 - 190 million

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21
Q
  1. Growth of foreign trade

Supply and market sources through where and trade with

A

Through colonies In Africa , Americas

and trade with India and Asia

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22
Q

Availability of who with what

A

Investors with money to risk on ventures

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23
Q
  1. New technology

Name 5 new inventions that modernized textile manufacturing

A

1733- (John Kay) flying shuttle- used to weave cloth

1760- (James Hargreaves) spinning Jenny- allowed or multiple threads to be woven together (decreases the amount of work a spinster had to do to make yarn) it could spin up to 8 spools of yarn at once

1769- water frame - (Richmond Arkwright) used to water from fast flowing rivers to power spinning frame

1785- water loom (Edmund Cartwright) first machine that could weave cloth at increased output

1793- cotton gin (Eli Whitney) machine that separated cotton seeds from the cotton

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24
Q

What effect would these inventions have on the cottage cloth industry and how would it effect the people and their sources of income

A

General knowledge answer

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25
What did these advancements result in
The movement of work from the home to the factory - machines were to big for the houses - ppl needed to run the mac he's in factories, left home for work
26
5. New energy supplies 4 things that happened ....
- things were water powered - steam engine invented - the huge ironworks would never have come into existence without the steam engine (the 3rd great trigger of the age) - iron became a viable building commodity and was used in the steam engine
27
Steam engine invented when and by who
In 1769 James watt
28
Why was it revolutionary
Coz it was used to generate power for industry as well as being used in transportation
29
What did it requiring coal do
Increased mining
30
6. Improvements to transportation (canals) What are canals
Man made waterways used for transportation
31
What canal was built in 1756 and 1759
1756- rule of Bridgewater hired James Brindley to build a canal the coal mine on his property to Manchester called the Bridgewater Canal, this resisted in price of coal in Manchester dropping 90% 1759 - grand trunk canal began, investors include, Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgewood, Matthew Boultan and James watt (all members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham)
32
Locomotive, rail and paved road What did the development of the railway do the economy and why
It stimulated economy by providing cheap and efficient transport which lowered the carriage cost of goods
33
Describe railways compared to canals
Railways were faster and more efficient
34
How were ppl and good transported befor IR
On dirt roads by horse drawn coaches and wagons
35
John macadam invented?
Tarmac Road By the 1830's thousands of km of the new surfaced roads were built between factory towns and seaports
36
How were Tarmac roads designed
Large stones at the bottom then smaller stones in the middle and then gravel on the the top with ditches on either side and the road curved slightly (camber)so water would run into the ditches instead of staying in the road
37
Steamship Invented by and and when
Robert Fulton | 1807
38
Impacts and changes made by the IR Name 6
1. Urbanization, cities began to dominate the western world 2. Creates a new social order, with the rise of an influential middle class 3. Poor working conditions for lower class eventually lead to new social and political movements 4. Invention of the steam engine in 1763 shifts labor from humans and animals to machines 5. Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced 6. Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign land (imperialism)
39
Urbanization Why did ppl begin to urbanize
Because of the population explosion and high demand for workers in factories ppl moved to the cities in LARGE quantities (less ppl were needed on farms because of the innovations in agriculture)
40
City life Where did cities grow
Around factories and or mines
41
What was wrong with the growing of these cities
They were growing too rapidly without planning, working ppl lived in tenements in hellish slums Ppl could also live in lodging house, one family per room
42
Where did ppl usually live
Near the factories and the smoke they produced, able to walk to work
43
What us a tenement
A room or a set of rooms forming separate residence within a house or block of flats
44
What else was wrong with city life (3)
Houses were cramped into a small area The lack of planning meant there was no sewage, running water or sanitation system - a whole street would share one water pump - often an open sewer ran down the middle of the street - household rubbish was thrown into the street Towns were dirty and disease spread quickly ( 1832- outbreak of cholera killed more than 31000'people)
45
Poverty What causes poverty
- not enough jobs for all moving into towns - oversupply of labor led to lower wages that ppl couldn't survive on - increasing mechanization meant more unemployment - resulted in many families sending children to work
46
Poverty existing in countryside
- children sent out to work - bird scarers, younger children - casual laborers, older children - long working hours 4am to 7 pm
47
What did homeless children do
Stole, pick packets to buy food - slept in doorways or outhouses - some did jobs (crossing sweepers or street sellers)
48
Workhouses What are they
Places to help the very poor, date back to 1600
49
What poor law was passed in 1834
Act of parliament- all were sick, old or unemployed people to be looked after in workhouse
50
What did ppl in workhouses get
Food and somewhere to sleep in exchange for work with no pay
51
Why weren't they nice
They were kept unpleasant so that people wouldn't abuse them, you will only go to a workhouse if you had nowhere else
52
What did factories use from workhouses
They sometimes used orphans from the workhouses in the factories
53
Working life in factories
-Factory and mine work was difficult and dangerous -Typical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours, six days a week, little rest -If you complained, you are fired If you got sick, you are fired -If you got hurt and could no longer work, you are fired -Strict discipline and harsh punishment -Unhealthy working conditions
54
Women at work Why did factories hire women
Because they could pay them less
55
How long were the hours for women
12 hours a day and they were still expected to cook, clean, etc when I finally got home
56
Children at work Why did the children work
Because families needed the income working children could provide
57
What wages did the kids get and how long were the hours
The children were hired at very low wages and they worked in the same dangerous factories for the same long hours as adults
58
Why didn't they go to school
Because although public education was available it was not required
59
Demand for child workers Why was there such a big demand
Children could be hired at a very low wages, they were submissive, obedient, likely to respond to punishment and Unlikely to start unions, often used for dangerous jobs crawling into small spaces that Adults couldn't fit into
60
Cotton mills - child labor How many kids worked in cotton mills
Thousands
61
What did owners often give the orphans
A place to live, but worked them hard for no payback
62
Did they get time to play
No they spent all their time at the machines
63
What serious accidents were the children exposed to
Scalping, hands crushed, death
64
Mines -'child labor Dangers
Very dangerous - doves caved in - explosions - many injuries - very few safety rules
65
What did they do in the mines
Cut and moved coal
66
What did very young children do
They were trappers opening doors for Coal wagons and it was an easier job but very lonely cold and damp
67
What did the older children do
Coal bearers, carrying coal in baskets on backs
68
What was the mine act and when was it set
In 1842 - all women and girls and boys under 10 forbidden to work in mines - later changed to 12

History - term 3 (5 decks)

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